Introduction to the Respiratory System
48 Questions
5 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • To circulate blood
  • To facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • To produce hormones
  • To digest food

    • What is the primary function of the alveoli?

  • To support airway structure
  • To facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • To produce mucus
  • To filter air before it enters the lungs

    • The bronchioles contain cartilage for support.

    False

    The diaphragm helps in inhalation by contracting and pulling the lungs downward.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the alveoli play in the respiratory system?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to air in the respiratory tract to ensure it acclimates to body temperature?

    <p>The air comes into contact with moist tissues along the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The air becomes saturated with water as it passes through moist __________ pathways.

    <p>mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

    <p>pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following to their functions:

    <p>Pleural membranes = Create surfaces of the lungs Cilia = Sweep mucus and debris out of the airways Alveoli = Facilitate gas exchange Mucous membranes = Trap debris in the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:

    <p>Larynx = Produces sound Trachea = Transports air to the lungs Alveoli = Gas exchange Diaphragm = Facilitates inhalation and exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure prevents food from entering the airway?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the alveoli only one cell layer thick?

    <p>To speed up diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right bronchus is larger and more vertical than the left bronchus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are approximately 150 million alveoli in a single human lung.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

    <p>To clean and trap debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do stretch receptors play in the alveoli?

    <p>They signal when the alveoli are full of air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of leukocytes?

    <p>Fight against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Feed the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes are destroyed primarily in the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are thrombocytes commonly known as?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The jugular veins contain valves to assist blood flow back to the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins conduct blood out of the head to the superior vena cava?

    <p>Jugular veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets begin _____ at the damaged area.

    <p>clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ arteries branch off the aortic arch and take blood to the head and brain.

    <p>carotid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of leukocytes with their functions:

    <p>Neutrophils = Kill bacteria, fungi, and foreign debris Lymphocytes = Protect against viral infections Eosinophils = Identify and destroy parasites Monocytes = Clean up damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance do platelets and damaged cells release to initiate blood clotting?

    <p>Thromboplastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arteries and veins with their primary functions:

    <p>Renal Arteries = Take blood to and from the kidneys Iliac Veins = Carry blood from the legs Subclavian Arteries = Conduct blood to and from the arms Coronary Veins = Return spent blood to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are primarily responsible for producing antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the anterior and posterior vena cava collect?

    <p>Spent blood from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary circuit is responsible for transporting oxygenated blood to the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from an inability to clot blood?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the iliac arteries and veins help transport?

    <p>Blood to and from the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin?

    <p>27%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HCO3^- acts as a buffer primarily in the tissues of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of hemoglobin in the circulatory system?

    <p>It serves as a carrier for O2, CO2, and H+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for carbonic acid is ______.

    <p>H2CO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the molecules with their corresponding functions:

    <p>HCO3^- = Acts as a buffer at the lungs Carbaminohemoglobin = Binds CO2 in the blood Oxyhemoglobin = Transports oxygen to tissues Reduced hemoglobin = Releases oxygen in the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During internal respiration, which of the following reactions occurs?

    <p>$HbO_2 + H^+ → HHb + O_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The circulatory system's main function is to remove nutrients from cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of arteries allows them to withstand high pressure?

    <p>Thick, muscular, elastic tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of veins?

    <p>Transport blood back to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries are the thickest blood vessels in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major blood vessel leaves the left ventricle of the heart?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteries transport blood away from the heart, while ___ transport blood back to the heart.

    <p>veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood vessel type with its characteristic:

    <p>Arteries = Transport blood away from the heart Veins = Contain valves preventing backflow Capillaries = Site of gas exchange Arterioles = Regulate blood flow to capillary beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood pressure if all capillaries dilate at once?

    <p>Blood pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arterioles are considered smaller versions of arteries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle surrounds capillaries to regulate blood flow?

    <p>Sphincter muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to the Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system maximizes gas exchange across the body's tissues.
    • It involves multiple processes and structures that connect with other body systems.
    • The goal is to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide.

    Structures of the Nasal Cavity

    • Warmed, filtered, and moistened air passes through.
    • Mucous membranes produce mucus that humidifies and traps debris.
    • Cilia in the nose push debris out of the nasal cavity.

    Pharynx

    • A shared space at the back of the throat between the nasal cavity and mouth.
    • Acts as a common passage for air and food.

    Glottis

    • The end of the pharynx and start of the upper windpipe (trachea).
    • Covered by the epiglottis to prevent food from entering the windpipe while swallowing.

    Larynx (Voice Box)

    • Located beneath the glottis, leading to the trachea.
    • Contains vocal cords, which vibrate to produce different pitches when air passes through them.
    • Vocal cords are bands of muscle that open/close depending on whether we are breathing or speaking.

    Trachea (Windpipe)

    • A tube comprising cartilage rings to maintain structure and prevent collapse.
    • Lined with cilia to move debris-laden mucus in the trachea.
    • Mucus is either coughed up or swallowed.

    Bronchi

    • Branches of the trachea, each leading to a separate lung.
    • Contain cartilage to ensure structural integrity.

    Bronchioles

    • Smaller branches of the bronchi.
    • Do not contain cartilage.

    Alveoli

    • Tiny air sacs at the very end of bronchioles.
    • Shaped like tiny balloons, forming the main structure of the lungs.
    • Composed of simple squamous epithelium, allowing for rapid gas exchange.
    • Highly vascularized with capillaries.

    What Happens to Air on its Way to the Alveoli?

    • Air is cleaned of debris by nose hairs and mucous.
    • Warmed and moistened by lining in nasal cavity to ~37 degrees Celsius
    • Saturated with water; water is a product of respiration

    Specializations of the Alveoli

    • Numerous, up to 300 million in a single lung, to maximize surface area.
    • Only one cell layer thick for easy gas diffusion.
    • Have a lipoprotein coating to prevent collapse and sticking together.
    • Contain stretch receptors that signal when they are full of air, allowing exhaling.
    • Highly vascularized, meaning capillaries surround each alveolus

    Pleural Membranes

    • Two sets of membranes surrounding the lungs.
    • One membrane adheres to the lung tissue, the other to the thoracic cavity's inside.
    • The space between the two membranes is filled with fluid to allow for easy movement of the lungs during breathing.
    • The pressure in the intrapleural space is lower than atmospheric pressure to keep the lungs inflated.

    Thoracic Cavity (Chest Cavity)

    • Encompasses the area from the larynx to the diaphragm.
    • Contains the lungs, and heart.

    Diaphragm

    • A horizontal band of muscle below the lungs, connected to the outer pleural membrane.
    • Its contraction leads to increased chest volume and pulling air in (inhalation).
    • Its relaxation reduces chest volume and pushes air out (exhalation).

    Ribs and Intercostal Muscels

    • Surrounding the rib cage, these muscles help change the size and shape of the chest cavity during breathing.

    Breathing (Inhalation & Exhalation)

    • Inhalation: Increase in chest cavity volume due to rib cage expansion and diaphragm contraction, creating negative pressure for air to enter.
    • Exhalation: Decrease in chest cavity volume due to relaxation of rib/diaphragm muscles, increasing pressure and expelling air.

    Respiratory System Processes

    • External respiration: Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood.
    • Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.
    • Cellular Respiration: Production of ATP within cells, using oxygen (O2), glucose, and enzymes.

    Gas Exchange: General Rules

    • CO2: 9% dissolved in plasma; 27% attached to hemoglobin; 74% converted to bicarbonate
    • O2: mostly bound (97%) to hemoglobin, 3% dissolved

    Internal Respiration (Blood-to-Tissues)

    • 9% CO2 remains dissolved in blood, 27% is in the form of carbaminohemoglobin, and 70% is in the form of bicarbonate as it moves out of the tissues with its concentration gradient.
    • Released hydrogen ions from carbonic acid bond to oxyhemoglobin, releasing oxygen from hemoglobin.
    • Oxygen diffuses into body tissues, where it is used in cellular respiration.

    Types of Blood Cells

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells):
      • Transport oxygen throughout the body.
      • Produced in red bone marrow.
      • Lack nuclei, increasing space for hemoglobin.
    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells):
      • Involved in immune response.
      • Five main types.
    • Thrombocytes (Platelets):
      • Essential for blood clotting.

    Blood Types

    • Four main types: A, B, AB, and O.
    • Based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (A and B) on red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma.
    • Different blood types can result in complications involving incompatibility with some blood transfusions.

    Rh Factor

    • A protein on red blood cells.
    • People can be positive or negative for Rh.
    • Rh-negative individuals do not have the Rh antigen.
    • In pregnancy, an incompatible Rh factor can lead to complications for the fetus.

    Lymphatic System

    • An independent system of vessels that works alongside the circulatory system.
    • Supports the immune system and lipid digestion by returning waste and fluids to the circulatory system..
    • Contains lymph, nodes, and organs. Lymph nodes can become swollen as part of the immune response.

    Heart

    • The heart pumps blood around the body.
    • Contains four chambers (two atria and two ventricles).
    • Valves prevent backflow of blood.
    • The heart has a specialized conducting system that creates an electrical impulse for the heart's contractions.
    • Specialized cells (nodes, His bundle, Purkinje fibres) help the heart contracts synchronously.

    Cardiac Cycle

    • Refers to a single heartbeat (contraction and relaxations).
    • Systole: Contraction of the heart chambers.
    • Diastole: Relaxation of the heart chambers; this allows the heart to fill with blood.

    Blood Pressure

    • Generated by blood pushing against blood vessel walls in the circulatory system.
    • Systolic pressure: Highest pressure when the ventricles contract.
    • Diastolic pressure: Lowest pressure when the heart relaxes.
    • Measured using a sphygmomanometer.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Bio Unit 5-6 Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the key structures and processes involved in the human respiratory system. This quiz covers the nasal cavity, pharynx, glottis, and larynx, highlighting their roles in gas exchange and protection. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser