Introduction to the Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • To circulate blood
  • To facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • To produce hormones
  • To digest food

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

  • To support airway structure
  • To facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • To produce mucus
  • To filter air before it enters the lungs

The bronchioles contain cartilage for support.

False (B)

The diaphragm helps in inhalation by contracting and pulling the lungs downward.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the alveoli play in the respiratory system?

<p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to air in the respiratory tract to ensure it acclimates to body temperature?

<p>The air comes into contact with moist tissues along the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The air becomes saturated with water as it passes through moist __________ pathways.

<p>mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

<p>pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following to their functions:

<p>Pleural membranes = Create surfaces of the lungs Cilia = Sweep mucus and debris out of the airways Alveoli = Facilitate gas exchange Mucous membranes = Trap debris in the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:

<p>Larynx = Produces sound Trachea = Transports air to the lungs Alveoli = Gas exchange Diaphragm = Facilitates inhalation and exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents food from entering the airway?

<p>Epiglottis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the alveoli only one cell layer thick?

<p>To speed up diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right bronchus is larger and more vertical than the left bronchus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are approximately 150 million alveoli in a single human lung.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

<p>To clean and trap debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do stretch receptors play in the alveoli?

<p>They signal when the alveoli are full of air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of leukocytes?

<p>Fight against infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?

<p>Feed the heart muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erythrocytes are destroyed primarily in the lungs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are thrombocytes commonly known as?

<p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

The jugular veins contain valves to assist blood flow back to the heart.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins conduct blood out of the head to the superior vena cava?

<p>Jugular veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets begin _____ at the damaged area.

<p>clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ arteries branch off the aortic arch and take blood to the head and brain.

<p>carotid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of leukocytes with their functions:

<p>Neutrophils = Kill bacteria, fungi, and foreign debris Lymphocytes = Protect against viral infections Eosinophils = Identify and destroy parasites Monocytes = Clean up damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance do platelets and damaged cells release to initiate blood clotting?

<p>Thromboplastin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following arteries and veins with their primary functions:

<p>Renal Arteries = Take blood to and from the kidneys Iliac Veins = Carry blood from the legs Subclavian Arteries = Conduct blood to and from the arms Coronary Veins = Return spent blood to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eosinophils are primarily responsible for producing antibodies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the anterior and posterior vena cava collect?

<p>Spent blood from the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary circuit is responsible for transporting oxygenated blood to the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from an inability to clot blood?

<p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the iliac arteries and veins help transport?

<p>Blood to and from the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin?

<p>27% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HCO3^- acts as a buffer primarily in the tissues of the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of hemoglobin in the circulatory system?

<p>It serves as a carrier for O2, CO2, and H+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formula for carbonic acid is ______.

<p>H2CO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the molecules with their corresponding functions:

<p>HCO3^- = Acts as a buffer at the lungs Carbaminohemoglobin = Binds CO2 in the blood Oxyhemoglobin = Transports oxygen to tissues Reduced hemoglobin = Releases oxygen in the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

During internal respiration, which of the following reactions occurs?

<p>$HbO_2 + H^+ → HHb + O_2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory system's main function is to remove nutrients from cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of arteries allows them to withstand high pressure?

<p>Thick, muscular, elastic tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of veins?

<p>Transport blood back to the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Capillaries are the thickest blood vessels in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major blood vessel leaves the left ventricle of the heart?

<p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arteries transport blood away from the heart, while ___ transport blood back to the heart.

<p>veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood vessel type with its characteristic:

<p>Arteries = Transport blood away from the heart Veins = Contain valves preventing backflow Capillaries = Site of gas exchange Arterioles = Regulate blood flow to capillary beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood pressure if all capillaries dilate at once?

<p>Blood pressure decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arterioles are considered smaller versions of arteries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle surrounds capillaries to regulate blood flow?

<p>Sphincter muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of the bronchi, containing no cartilage.

Alveoli

The tiny balloon-shaped ends of bronchioles, forming the lungs' structure.

Alveoli cell layer

A single layer of thin cells, important for rapid diffusion.

Air cleaning

Nose hairs and mucus trap debris, cilia move it out.

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Air temperature adjustment

Warm air to body temperature by contact with tissues.

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Air humidity adjustment

Air becomes saturated with water in moist passages.

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Pleural membranes

Surround the lungs; fluid in the space between them keeps lungs open.

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Alveoli surface area

The huge number of alveoli maximizing surface area for gas exchange.

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Respiratory System Function

Maximizes gas exchange, delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the body.

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Diaphragm Function

Muscular structure that aids in breathing by contracting and relaxing, moving air into and out of the lungs

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Pharynx Function

Shared passageway for both air and food, located in the throat.

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Epiglottis Function

A flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.

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Pulmonary Artery

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Nasal Cavity Function

Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air.

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Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the blood and the tissues of the body.

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CO2 Transport in Blood

CO2 is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved CO2, carbaminohemoglobin, and bicarbonate ion.

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Bicarbonate Buffer

HCO3− acts as a buffer in the blood, maintaining a stable pH.

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Hemoglobin Buffer

Hemoglobin binds and releases H+, acting as a buffer, crucial for oxygen transport.

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External Respiration

The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the blood and the environment (lungs).

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Artery Structure

Arteries have thick, muscular, elastic walls for withstanding high blood pressure.

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Carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 bound to hemoglobin, a significant transport of CO2 in the blood.

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Carbonic Acid

A temporary form that CO2 forms when reacting with water in the body, converted to bicarbonate ion.

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Arteries

Blood vessels with thick walls that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They stretch to accommodate blood flow and branch into arterioles.

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Veins

Blood vessels with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They contain valves to prevent backflow and are located near the surface.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. They have thin walls for gas exchange between blood and tissues.

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Arterioles

Smaller branches of arteries that have smooth muscle to regulate blood flow into capillary beds.

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Venules

Smaller branches of veins that collect blood from capillaries and carry it to larger veins.

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Aorta

The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body.

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Afferent

Means 'incoming' or 'towards'

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Efferent

Means 'outgoing' or 'away from'

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Coronary Arteries

These arteries branch off the aorta and supply blood to the heart muscle itself. They're vital for the heart's own function.

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Carotid Arteries

These arteries branch from the aorta and carry blood to the head and brain. They also contain special cells that monitor blood pressure and oxygen levels.

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Jugular Veins

These veins carry blood away from the head back to the heart. They work by gravity, not pumps.

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Subclavian Arteries & Veins

These arteries and veins are located under the collarbone, carrying blood to and from the arms.

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Renal Arteries & Veins

These arteries and veins supply the kidneys with blood for filtering and waste removal.

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Iliac Arteries & Veins

These arteries and veins supply blood to and from the legs. They are located in the pelvic region.

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Pulmonary Circuit

This circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. They are produced in the bone marrow and lack a nucleus.

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White Blood Cells

Leukocytes are essential for fighting infections. They are larger than red blood cells, have a nucleus, and are produced in the bone marrow or lymphatic system.

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Platelets

Thrombocytes are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting. They are produced in the bone marrow and help stop bleeding.

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What is Hemophilia?

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that prevents proper blood clotting, resulting in excessive bleeding even from minor injuries.

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What does Thromboplastin do?

Thromboplastin, released by platelets and damaged cells, triggers the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, initiating the blood clotting process.

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Prothrombin

Prothrombin is a protein produced by the liver that acts as a precursor to thrombin. It is an activator protein containing potassium.

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Thrombin

Thrombin is an active enzyme formed from prothrombin by thromboplastin. It plays a crucial role in the final stages of blood clotting.

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Blood Clotting Cascade

A series of biochemical reactions triggered by damage to a blood vessel, resulting in the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding.

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Study Notes

Introduction to the Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system maximizes gas exchange across the body's tissues.
  • It involves multiple processes and structures that connect with other body systems.
  • The goal is to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide.

Structures of the Nasal Cavity

  • Warmed, filtered, and moistened air passes through.
  • Mucous membranes produce mucus that humidifies and traps debris.
  • Cilia in the nose push debris out of the nasal cavity.

Pharynx

  • A shared space at the back of the throat between the nasal cavity and mouth.
  • Acts as a common passage for air and food.

Glottis

  • The end of the pharynx and start of the upper windpipe (trachea).
  • Covered by the epiglottis to prevent food from entering the windpipe while swallowing.

Larynx (Voice Box)

  • Located beneath the glottis, leading to the trachea.
  • Contains vocal cords, which vibrate to produce different pitches when air passes through them.
  • Vocal cords are bands of muscle that open/close depending on whether we are breathing or speaking.

Trachea (Windpipe)

  • A tube comprising cartilage rings to maintain structure and prevent collapse.
  • Lined with cilia to move debris-laden mucus in the trachea.
  • Mucus is either coughed up or swallowed.

Bronchi

  • Branches of the trachea, each leading to a separate lung.
  • Contain cartilage to ensure structural integrity.

Bronchioles

  • Smaller branches of the bronchi.
  • Do not contain cartilage.

Alveoli

  • Tiny air sacs at the very end of bronchioles.
  • Shaped like tiny balloons, forming the main structure of the lungs.
  • Composed of simple squamous epithelium, allowing for rapid gas exchange.
  • Highly vascularized with capillaries.

What Happens to Air on its Way to the Alveoli?

  • Air is cleaned of debris by nose hairs and mucous.
  • Warmed and moistened by lining in nasal cavity to ~37 degrees Celsius
  • Saturated with water; water is a product of respiration

Specializations of the Alveoli

  • Numerous, up to 300 million in a single lung, to maximize surface area.
  • Only one cell layer thick for easy gas diffusion.
  • Have a lipoprotein coating to prevent collapse and sticking together.
  • Contain stretch receptors that signal when they are full of air, allowing exhaling.
  • Highly vascularized, meaning capillaries surround each alveolus

Pleural Membranes

  • Two sets of membranes surrounding the lungs.
  • One membrane adheres to the lung tissue, the other to the thoracic cavity's inside.
  • The space between the two membranes is filled with fluid to allow for easy movement of the lungs during breathing.
  • The pressure in the intrapleural space is lower than atmospheric pressure to keep the lungs inflated.

Thoracic Cavity (Chest Cavity)

  • Encompasses the area from the larynx to the diaphragm.
  • Contains the lungs, and heart.

Diaphragm

  • A horizontal band of muscle below the lungs, connected to the outer pleural membrane.
  • Its contraction leads to increased chest volume and pulling air in (inhalation).
  • Its relaxation reduces chest volume and pushes air out (exhalation).

Ribs and Intercostal Muscels

  • Surrounding the rib cage, these muscles help change the size and shape of the chest cavity during breathing.

Breathing (Inhalation & Exhalation)

  • Inhalation: Increase in chest cavity volume due to rib cage expansion and diaphragm contraction, creating negative pressure for air to enter.
  • Exhalation: Decrease in chest cavity volume due to relaxation of rib/diaphragm muscles, increasing pressure and expelling air.

Respiratory System Processes

  • External respiration: Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood.
  • Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.
  • Cellular Respiration: Production of ATP within cells, using oxygen (O2), glucose, and enzymes.

Gas Exchange: General Rules

  • CO2: 9% dissolved in plasma; 27% attached to hemoglobin; 74% converted to bicarbonate
  • O2: mostly bound (97%) to hemoglobin, 3% dissolved

Internal Respiration (Blood-to-Tissues)

  • 9% CO2 remains dissolved in blood, 27% is in the form of carbaminohemoglobin, and 70% is in the form of bicarbonate as it moves out of the tissues with its concentration gradient.
  • Released hydrogen ions from carbonic acid bond to oxyhemoglobin, releasing oxygen from hemoglobin.
  • Oxygen diffuses into body tissues, where it is used in cellular respiration.

Types of Blood Cells

  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells):
    • Transport oxygen throughout the body.
    • Produced in red bone marrow.
    • Lack nuclei, increasing space for hemoglobin.
  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells):
    • Involved in immune response.
    • Five main types.
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets):
    • Essential for blood clotting.

Blood Types

  • Four main types: A, B, AB, and O.
  • Based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (A and B) on red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma.
  • Different blood types can result in complications involving incompatibility with some blood transfusions.

Rh Factor

  • A protein on red blood cells.
  • People can be positive or negative for Rh.
  • Rh-negative individuals do not have the Rh antigen.
  • In pregnancy, an incompatible Rh factor can lead to complications for the fetus.

Lymphatic System

  • An independent system of vessels that works alongside the circulatory system.
  • Supports the immune system and lipid digestion by returning waste and fluids to the circulatory system..
  • Contains lymph, nodes, and organs. Lymph nodes can become swollen as part of the immune response.

Heart

  • The heart pumps blood around the body.
  • Contains four chambers (two atria and two ventricles).
  • Valves prevent backflow of blood.
  • The heart has a specialized conducting system that creates an electrical impulse for the heart's contractions.
  • Specialized cells (nodes, His bundle, Purkinje fibres) help the heart contracts synchronously.

Cardiac Cycle

  • Refers to a single heartbeat (contraction and relaxations).
  • Systole: Contraction of the heart chambers.
  • Diastole: Relaxation of the heart chambers; this allows the heart to fill with blood.

Blood Pressure

  • Generated by blood pushing against blood vessel walls in the circulatory system.
  • Systolic pressure: Highest pressure when the ventricles contract.
  • Diastolic pressure: Lowest pressure when the heart relaxes.
  • Measured using a sphygmomanometer.

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Description

Explore the key structures and processes involved in the human respiratory system. This quiz covers the nasal cavity, pharynx, glottis, and larynx, highlighting their roles in gas exchange and protection. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

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