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Questions and Answers
Catalysts for the Information Age include low-cost computers and high-speed communication ______.
Catalysts for the Information Age include low-cost computers and high-speed communication ______.
networks
The Samsung Galaxy S9 Plus exemplifies a product of the Information Age with its functions such as phone, text messager, and ______.
The Samsung Galaxy S9 Plus exemplifies a product of the Information Age with its functions such as phone, text messager, and ______.
camera
Emerging technologies in the Information Age include voice-activated digital assistants and self-driving ______.
Emerging technologies in the Information Age include voice-activated digital assistants and self-driving ______.
cars
One of the milestones in computing is the development of ______.
One of the milestones in computing is the development of ______.
Information technology issues are one of the key topics addressed in the study of ______.
Information technology issues are one of the key topics addressed in the study of ______.
Video streaming services are part of the ______ technologies that have emerged in recent years.
Video streaming services are part of the ______ technologies that have emerged in recent years.
In the Information Age, there is unprecedented access to ______.
In the Information Age, there is unprecedented access to ______.
Milestones in networking have greatly enhanced the way ______ is shared and accessed.
Milestones in networking have greatly enhanced the way ______ is shared and accessed.
In the year 1950, only a handful of electronic digital ______ existed.
In the year 1950, only a handful of electronic digital ______ existed.
Contemporary world includes networked devices containing embedded ______ that surround us.
Contemporary world includes networked devices containing embedded ______ that surround us.
The dynamic between people and technology suggests that once technology is ______, it changes society.
The dynamic between people and technology suggests that once technology is ______, it changes society.
Experiences with technology can cause physical changes in ______, such as in London taxi drivers.
Experiences with technology can cause physical changes in ______, such as in London taxi drivers.
The introduction of automobiles increased ______ but also led to traffic problems.
The introduction of automobiles increased ______ but also led to traffic problems.
The cash register was a response to the need for accurate sales ______ in department stores.
The cash register was a response to the need for accurate sales ______ in department stores.
Punched cards were used in the late 19th century to record ______ for various industries.
Punched cards were used in the late 19th century to record ______ for various industries.
I B M's machines were used by the Nazis to conduct censuses and generate lists of ______.
I B M's machines were used by the Nazis to conduct censuses and generate lists of ______.
The first commercial computer, the U N I V A C, was delivered to the U.S. Bureau of the ______.
The first commercial computer, the U N I V A C, was delivered to the U.S. Bureau of the ______.
The social conditions in the Gilded Age in America led to a fierce market for ______.
The social conditions in the Gilded Age in America led to a fierce market for ______.
FORTRAN was designed for ______ applications.
FORTRAN was designed for ______ applications.
COBOL is considered a standard for ______ applications.
COBOL is considered a standard for ______ applications.
BASIC was developed at ______ College.
BASIC was developed at ______ College.
The microprocessor, a computer inside a semiconductor chip, was invented in ______.
The microprocessor, a computer inside a semiconductor chip, was invented in ______.
The ______ provides a decentralized design to improve network survivability.
The ______ provides a decentralized design to improve network survivability.
The technology that allowed distance operations in early computing was the ______.
The technology that allowed distance operations in early computing was the ______.
The IBM System/360 allowed users to ______ without rewriting programs.
The IBM System/360 allowed users to ______ without rewriting programs.
The Altair 8800 was a significant early model of a ______ computer.
The Altair 8800 was a significant early model of a ______ computer.
The telegraph was funded by the U.S. ______ for its first line.
The telegraph was funded by the U.S. ______ for its first line.
The ______ was constructed by Alexander Graham Bell and laid the foundation for the first telephone.
The ______ was constructed by Alexander Graham Bell and laid the foundation for the first telephone.
Google's search engine indexes hundreds of billions of ______
Google's search engine indexes hundreds of billions of ______
Cloud storage simplifies accessing files from multiple ______
Cloud storage simplifies accessing files from multiple ______
PageRank measures the ______ and quality of a web page by the number and quality of pages that link to it.
PageRank measures the ______ and quality of a web page by the number and quality of pages that link to it.
Information technology includes devices used in creation, storage, manipulation, exchange, and dissemination of ______.
Information technology includes devices used in creation, storage, manipulation, exchange, and dissemination of ______.
Piracy of copyrighted content has increased due to digitization and the ______ distribution via the Internet.
Piracy of copyrighted content has increased due to digitization and the ______ distribution via the Internet.
Tomlinson at B B N wrote software to send, receive ______ messages.
Tomlinson at B B N wrote software to send, receive ______ messages.
Billions of ______ are sent in the U.S. every day.
Billions of ______ are sent in the U.S. every day.
Cerf and Kahn designed the T C P/I P ______.
Cerf and Kahn designed the T C P/I P ______.
Broadband is a high-speed ______ connection.
Broadband is a high-speed ______ connection.
Cloud computing utilizes remote computing resources over the ______.
Cloud computing utilizes remote computing resources over the ______.
Microsoft Office 365 is an example of ______ as a service.
Microsoft Office 365 is an example of ______ as a service.
Gutenberg’s printing press was a powerful mass communication ______.
Gutenberg’s printing press was a powerful mass communication ______.
Vannevar Bush envisioned ______.
Vannevar Bush envisioned ______.
The first browser, WorldWideWeb, was created by ______ in 1990.
The first browser, WorldWideWeb, was created by ______ in 1990.
Mosaic was the first widely used ______.
Mosaic was the first widely used ______.
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Study Notes
Introduction to the Information Age
- Characterized by unprecedented access to information due to low-cost computers and high-speed networks.
- Emerging technologies impact everyday life, including smartphones and self-driving cars.
Milestones in Computing
- Aids to Manual Calculating:
- Tools have evolved from ancient clay tablets to mechanical calculators like the Arithmometer and Scheutzes' printing calculator.
- Social Change and Market for Calculators:
- Industrialization in the Gilded Age created demands for efficient bookkeeping tools, leading to the widespread adoption of calculators.
- Cash Registers:
- Developed in response to department stores' needs to maintain accurate sales records and prevent theft.
- Punched Card Tabulation:
- Introduced in the late 19th century, revolutionizing data processing for organizations like the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Impact of Early Computing
- I.B.M. and World Events:
- I.B.M. played a controversial role during the Holocaust by aiding the Nazi regime in census efforts.
- First Commercial Computers:
- The UNIVAC propelled the computing industry forward, predicting the 1952 Presidential election results.
Development of Programming Languages
- Higher-Level Languages:
- Assembly language and FORTRAN facilitated complex program creation, followed by COBOL for business applications.
- Time-Sharing Systems:
- Enabled multiple users to access mainframe computers simultaneously, making computing more accessible.
Evolution of Hardware
- Transistors:
- Invented in 1948, these replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, more reliable computers.
- Integrated Circuits:
- Combined multiple components into a single chip, enhancing speed and reducing costs.
The Rise of Personal Computing
- Microprocessors:
- Invented in 1970, these made personal computers feasible, catalyzing a computing revolution.
- Notable Computers:
- The Altair 8800 and the Apple I drove home computer popularity in the late 1970s.
Networking Milestones
- Telegraph and Telephone:
- The telegraph revolutionized communication in the 19th century, while the telephone blurred lines between public and private lives.
- ARPANET:
- Established by the Department of Defense, it laid the groundwork for the modern Internet with decentralized communication and packet-switching technology.
Internet Development
- Creation of E-Mail:
- Developed by Tomlinson, it became a vital communication tool alongside the growth of networking technologies.
- Google and Search Engines:
- Revolutionized information retrieval on the Internet, utilizing PageRank for better search results.
Storage and Retrieval Innovations
- Transition from Oral to Written Culture:
- Greek alphabet development represented a shift in information recording, allowing for efficient written communication.
- Gutenberg's Printing Press:
- Mass-produced texts, facilitating widespread literacy and the spread of ideas, particularly during the Reformation.
The Cloud Computing Era
- Cloud Technology:
- Enables remote data storage and access over the Internet, supporting flexible and scalable computing solutions like those from AWS and Microsoft Azure.
Information Technology Issues
- Copyright Piracy:
- The ease of digital duplication spurred illegal downloading, with significant impact on media industries.
- Cloud Storage Security:
- Raises questions about data safety and ownership, especially regarding personal information and financial transactions.### Loan Applications
- Evaluate credit history instead of conducting personal interviews for approval.
- Offer lower interest rates, but with reduced flexibility for borrowers.
Computers in Embedded Devices
- Liability concerns arise when embedded systems fail and cause harm to humans.
Telecommuting
- Enables time-saving and flexible work hours for employees.
- Raises questions about whether teleworkers are disadvantaged regarding promotions.
Global Communication Network
- Facilitates companies' ability to sell products worldwide.
- Companies can relocate jobs outside of the U.S. as a result of enhanced connectivity.
- Ethical considerations about work conditions in factories in developing countries.
Social Media
- Acts as a platform for democratic ideas and discourse.
- Can be exploited by totalitarian regimes as a tool for control and propaganda.
Information Age Overview
- Current era known as the Information Age, marked by the transformation of technology.
- Modern devices result from centuries of technological advancements.
- Social dynamics drive the emergence of new technologies and their adoption can reshape society.
- Computing professionals hold a responsibility to thoughtfully contribute to future technological developments.
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