Introduction to the HIV Pandemic
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Which of the following factors contributed to the early spread of HIV?

  • Decline in commercial sex work
  • International travel (correct)
  • Strict regulation of drug use
  • Increased knowledge about risk factors

    • The stigma surrounding HIV was mainly due to the perception of it as a disease affecting only homosexual individuals.

    True

    What year was the first laboratory test to detect HIV developed?

    1985

    The term used to refer to HIV in its early days, which highlighted its association with gay individuals, was __________.

    <p>GRID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their association to HIV risks:

    <p>Homosexuals = Stigmatized patients Intravenous drug users = Contaminated needles Haitian immigrants = Perceived as high-risk Commercial sex workers = Engaging in sexual transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a factor in the early spread of HIV?

    <p>Declines in international travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The misconception about HIV's limitation to certain social groups helped reduce its stigma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one demographic group that was heavily stigmatized in relation to HIV during the early pandemic.

    <p>Homosexuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made the first official report related to AIDS?

    <p>Dr. Michael Gottlieb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first case of AIDS was reported in the United States in 1981.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia was associated with the first cases of AIDS reported by Dr. Gottlieb?

    <p>Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dr. Michael Gottlieb reported his findings to the ________ for further investigation.

    <p>Centre for Disease Control (CDC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What microorganism caused the pneumonia in the first reported AIDS cases?

    <p>Pneumocystis Jirovecii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CDC developed a case definition for AIDS in 1981.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the stigma towards individuals infected with HIV?

    <p>Factors such as sexual orientation, lack of understanding, and fear of infection contributed to stigma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following years with their relevant events regarding HIV/AIDS:

    <p>1981 = First official report of AIDS 1982 = CDC developed case definition for AIDS 1983 = HIV virus was identified 1996 = Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant development occurred in 1987 regarding HIV treatment?

    <p>The first effective Antiretroviral Medicine was introduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Michael Gottlieb was the first to identify HIV as the cause of AIDS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia first alerted Michael Gottlieb to an unknown medical condition?

    <p>Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The work of _______ and _______ was instrumental to the identification of the HIV virus.

    <p>Luc Montaigner, Francoise Barre-Sinnousi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals to their contributions related to HIV/AIDS:

    <p>Michael Gottlieb = First to alert physicians of an unknown condition Luc Montaigner = Identified the HIV virus Francoise Barre-Sinnousi = Co-discovered the HIV virus Robert Gallo = Corroborated the findings of Montaigner and Barre-Sinnousi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS is true?

    <p>It was influenced by early perceptions of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zidovudine, introduced in 1987, is no longer in use today.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original name of the virus before it was officially named HIV?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions did the first wave of HIV transmission primarily occur?

    <p>North America and Western Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the first widely recognized figures related to the early response to the AIDS Pandemic.

    <p>Rock Hudson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second wave of the HIV pandemic saw a significant increase in heterosexual transmission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was identified as a significant mode of transmission of HIV in babies?

    <p>Mother to Child Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Health Organization (WHO) officially adopted the name HIV in the year __________.

    <p>1986</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following categories with their descriptions:

    <p>Homosexual and Bisexual Men = Most affected in the first wave Commercial Sex Workers = Early infection group in the second wave Intravenous drug users = Major contributors to the first wave transmission Mother to Child Transmission = Significant mode of infection for babies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what year had an estimated 62 million people become infected with the HIV virus?

    <p>2003</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infecting clients by Commercial Sex Workers was the primary mode of transmission in the first wave.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first laboratory method introduced to test for the HIV virus?

    <p>Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opportunistic diseases can occur in individuals with a healthy immune system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first antiretroviral medication introduced for HIV treatment?

    <p>Zidovudine (AZT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combination of antiretroviral medicines known as ______ became the preferred treatment option in the 1990s.

    <p>HAART</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Viral Resistance = Virus stops being affected by medication Opportunistic Diseases = Infections exploiting a weakened immune system AZT = First antiretroviral medication introduced HAART = Combination therapy to delay viral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant limitation of the use of Zidovudine (AZT)?

    <p>The virus developed resistance after some time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HAART can cure HIV infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average life expectancy of a patient with advanced HIV without treatment?

    <p>1.3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication focuses on the fundamentals of HIV/AIDS education?

    <p>Fundamentals of HIV/AIDS Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glossary is considered an optional tool for learning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one key reference that discusses ART comprehensive HIV/AIDS care.

    <p>National Training Curriculum ART Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The publication by Maranga et al. in 2008 is titled 'Fundamentals of __________ Education.'

    <p>HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following references with their publication focus:

    <p>HIV and AIDS- A Foundation for nursing and health care practice = Foundational knowledge for nursing and healthcare practice National Training Curriculum ART Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Care = Procedures and training for ART care Fundamentals of HIV/AIDS Education = Educational principles regarding HIV/AIDS A Foundation for Nursing and Healthcare Practice = General nursing and healthcare education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction and Overview of the HIV Pandemic

    • This lecture offers a historical perspective on HIV/AIDS, starting with the first official report of a previously unknown disease.
    • The pandemic evolved to become a major infectious disease in the latter part of the 20th century.

    Unit Objectives

    • Students should be able to describe the circumstances surrounding the first official report marking the emergence of the AIDS pandemic.
    • Students should be able to explain factors contributing to stigma towards those with HIV.
    • Students should be able to identify factors leading to widespread HIV transmission.

    The Beginning - First Official Report

    • American physician Michael Gottlieb made the first official AIDS-related reports in 1981.
    • Gottlieb observed five homosexual men with a rare type of pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia).
    • This pneumonia typically occurs in people with weakened immune systems.
    • Gottlieb reported his findings to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in June 1981.

    Case Definition for AIDS

    • In 1982, the CDC developed a case definition for AIDS to assist in research and diagnosis.
    • This definition included clinical and laboratory characteristics.

    Naming of the HIV Virus

    • Early names included Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus (LAV).
    • AIDS-Associated Retrovirus (ARV).
    • Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV).
    • World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the name Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in 1986.

    Spread of HIV Globally

    • Initial assumptions focused on specific groups (homosexuals), but the pandemic rapidly became worldwide.
    • Pratt (2003) described two waves of infection:
      • Wave 1: Predominantly affected homosexual/bisexual men, intravenous drug users, and some blood recipients in North America, Western Europe, and Australasia.
      • Wave 2: Involved heterosexual transmission primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
    • The 1990s saw accelerated spread in areas not previously affected, like Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa.

    Early Perceptions and Stigma

    • Initial reports in homosexual men fostered the perception that HIV/AIDS was a specific lifestyle issue.
    • Terms like "Gay-Related Immunodeficiency Disease" (GRID) were used.
    • Other affected groups included intravenous drug users, Haitians, and hemophiliacs.
    • Stigma also impacted commercial sex workers.

    Other Important Milestones: First Laboratory Tests

    • Development of the ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test in 1985 enabled widespread HIV testing.
    • This allowed for early detection and monitoring of HIV, allowing for better management of the infection and spread.

    Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

    • HAART, a combination of antiretroviral drugs, emerged in the 1990s, significantly improving the lives of people living with HIV.

    Summary

    • The lecture highlighted the circumstances of the first official report on HIV/AIDS in 1981.
    • It examined how the pandemic's spread and the initial stigma shifted over time.
    • Key figures and events like the identification of HIV through initial testing and the development of HAART were discussed.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture One: Introduction to HIV/AIDS PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the historical emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, focusing on the first official report in 1981 by physician Michael Gottlieb. It covers the factors contributing to stigma and transmission rates related to the disease. Students will reflect on the significance of these historical milestones in understanding HIV.

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