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Questions and Answers
What is the normal weight of the heart in males?
Which layer of the heart is known as the outermost layer?
What are the two types of valves called that are present between the atria and ventricles?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the pericardium?
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Which chamber of the heart is located on the left side and receives oxygenated blood?
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How many leaflets does the tricuspid valve have?
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What is the primary function of the myocardium?
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Which of the following best describes the composition of the myocardium?
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What is the relationship between preload and stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling law?
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Which component has a negative inotropic effect on contractility?
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What happens to stroke volume when afterload increases?
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Which heart sound is associated with atrioventricular valve closure?
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Which of the following is NOT a presenting problem of cardiovascular disease?
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Study Notes
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System (CVS)
- Located in the thoracic cavity, slightly left of the center, between the 3rd and 5th ribs.
- Average weight: 325 grams in males, 275 grams in females.
Structure of the Heart
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Chambers:
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
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Layers:
- Epicardium (outer layer)
- Myocardium (middle layer, contains cardiomyocytes)
- Endocardium (inner layer, resembles endothelial cells)
Pericardium
- Comprises two layers: serous and fibrous.
- Contains pericardial fluid (up to 50 mL) for lubrication.
- Fixes the heart in the mediastinum and protects against infections.
Heart Valves
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Atrioventricular Valves:
- Mitral Valve: 2 leaflets (Anterior, Posterior)
- Tricuspid Valve: 3 leaflets (Anterior, Septal, Posterior)
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Semilunar Valves:
- Aortic Valve: 3 cusps (right, left, non-coronary)
- Pulmonic Valve: 3 cusps
Major Blood Vessels
- Aorta
- Pulmonary Artery
Coronary Circulation
- Blood supply to the heart muscle itself.
Cardiac Output (CO)
- Formula: CO = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
- Average resting adult output: 5.25 L/min (CO = 70 mL/beat x 75 beats/min).
Stroke Volume Regulation
- Influenced by:
- Preload: Stretch of cardiac muscle before contraction; linked to End Diastolic Volume.
- Contractility: Strength of contraction influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation.
- Afterload: Pressure needed to open semilunar valves; increased by hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Autonomic Nervous System Effects
- Sympathetic: Releases norepinephrine; increases heart rate and contractility.
- Parasympathetic: Left Vagus nerve releases acetylcholine; predominates in resting states.
Cardiac Auscultation and Heart Sounds
- Heart sounds result from blood turbulence due to valve closure.
- S1: Atrioventricular valve closure ("LUB")
- S2: Semilunar valve closure ("DUB")
- S3: Rapid ventricular filling; normal in younger individuals.
- S4: Atrial systole; usually indicates pathology.
Common Presenting Problems in Cardiovascular Disease
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath (SOB)
- Palpitations
- Syncope (fainting)
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of the cardiovascular system, including the structure and function of the heart, its chambers, layers, and heart valves. Additionally, it explores the pericardium and major blood vessels associated with heart function. Test your knowledge on these fundamental topics of human anatomy and physiology.
