38 Questions
What is another name for the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Involuntary nervous system
Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?
In the brainstem or spinal cord
What do postganglionic neurons terminate on?
Effector organs
Which type of neurons make synaptic connections in ganglia?
Preganglionic neurons
What is the function of ganglia in the autonomic nervous system?
To function as relay stations between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Which of the following is under the control of the autonomic nervous system?
Exocrine glands
Which division of the nervous system is involved in maintaining homeostasis within the body?
Parasympathetic division
During which type of situations does the sympathetic nervous system discharge as a complete system?
Severe exercise or reactions to fear
Which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla and directly enter the bloodstream?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
In which type of situations is the parasympathetic division expected to predominate over the sympathetic nervous system?
"Rest-and-digest" situations
What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?
To prepare the body for uncertain situations and unexpected stimuli
How do hormones released by the adrenal medulla affect effector organs?
They enter the bloodstream and promote responses in effector organs with adrenergic receptors
What is the primary characteristic of neurotransmitters that requires them to bind to specific receptors on the cell surface of target organs?
Binding specificity
Which of the following is a common neurotransmitter involved in the actions of therapeutically useful drugs?
Histamine
In chemical signaling between cells, a receptor is best defined as a recognition site for a substance that is coupled to processes leading to:
Binding specificity
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in transmitting signals in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Acetylcholine
What distinguishes cholinergic neurons based on the type of neurotransmitter released?
Mediation by acetylcholine
Which family of receptors do chemical signals like acetylcholine and norepinephrine bind to?
Protein receptors
Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from?
Cranial nerves and sacral region of the spinal cord
What neurotransmitter stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood?
Acetylcholine
What is the role of the vagus nerve in the parasympathetic system?
Accounts for 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
In the parasympathetic system, are the preganglionic or postganglionic fibers longer?
Preganglionic fibers
What type of connection exists between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system?
One-to-one connection
Which division of the autonomic nervous system includes the enteric neurons?
Enteric Nervous System
Which division of the nervous system is more circumscribed with mostly one-to-one interactions?
Parasympathetic division
In which nerve supply to the GI tract does one preganglionic neuron interact with 8000 or more postganglionic fibers?
Parasympathetic nerves
Which nervous system innervates skeletal muscles?
Motor nerves
What characteristic leads to the formation of a motor unit in the somatic nervous system?
Myelination of the motor nerves
What enables a fast response by the somatic nervous system?
Myelination of the motor nerves
Which form of neurotransmission is an example of chemical signaling between cells in the autonomic nervous system?
Neurotransmission in the ANS
Which type of receptors are further classified as nicotinic or muscarinic?
Cholinergic receptors
Which receptors are directly linked to membrane ion channels and are known as ionotropic receptors?
Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
Which group of receptors mediate the effects of ligands by activating a second messenger system inside the cell?
Metabotropic receptors
Which systems are the two most widely recognized second messengers in signal transduction?
Adenylyl cyclase and the calcium/phosphatidylinositol system
Which mechanism involves neurotransmitter receptors that are membrane proteins providing a binding site for neurotransmitter molecules?
Affecting ion permeability through ion channels
Which type of receptor is known to affect ion permeability through ion channels?
Ionotropic receptors
Which receptors bind epinephrine and norepinephrine in the ANS effector cells?
Adrenergic receptors
What is the classification of adrenergic or cholinergic receptors based on?
The hormones that bind to them
Test your knowledge on the functions of the sympathetic nervous system, including the fight or flight response triggered by direct sympathetic activation and adrenal medulla stimulation. Explore how hormones released by the adrenal medulla impact effector organs with adrenergic receptors.
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