Biotech Chapter 4
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Questions and Answers

Which component of a nucleotide is NOT part of its structure?

  • Phosphate group
  • Amino acid (correct)
  • Nitrogenous base
  • Sugar molecule

    • What is the relationship between adenine and thymine in DNA?

  • They form hydrogen bonds. (correct)
  • They bond together through ionic bonds.
  • They are located on opposite strands only.
  • They are not complementary bases.

    • What does the term 'antiparallel' refer to in the context of DNA structure?

  • Ribose and deoxyribose sugars.
  • Nucleotides facing the same direction.
  • Two chains running in opposite directions. (correct)
  • Strands being of unequal length.

    • During which process does mRNA synthesis occur?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects the migration of molecules in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Molecular weight and charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes gene expression?

    <p>It involves the transcription and translation of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily studied using molecular modeling in relation to DNA?

    <p>The spatial arrangement of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bacterial cultures in solid media typically prepared compared to liquid media?

    <p>Liquid media contain agar as a thickening agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of site-specific mutagenesis?

    <p>To change specific sections of an organism's genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the gel electrophoresis process to effectively conduct electricity?

    <p>Ions in the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size range of DNA fragments that agarose gel electrophoresis is best suited for?

    <p>50 bp to 25,000 bp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agarose gel concentration is most commonly used for DNA fragment separation?

    <p>0.8% agarose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the process of genetic manipulation mentioned?

    <p>Testing and marketing of the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of gel electrophoresis?

    <p>PCR machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of having a gel concentration that is too high in agarose gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Inhibition of larger molecules moving through the gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of gene therapy?

    <p>To correct faulty DNA sequences causing diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an operon in prokaryotic DNA?

    <p>To turn genetic expression ON and OFF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates eukaryotic genes from prokaryotic genes?

    <p>Eukaryotic genes do not have an operator region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are mammalian cells more challenging to grow in culture compared to bacterial cells?

    <p>Mammalian cells need more nutrients and a suitable environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factors in eukaryotic gene expression?

    <p>They bind at enhancer regions to increase gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of a virus, according to the information provided?

    <p>25 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of a bacterial operon?

    <p>Enhancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medium is commonly used for growing bacterial cells?

    <p>Either agar or liquid broth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'vector' refer to in genetic engineering?

    <p>A piece of DNA that carries genes into a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteriophages?

    <p>They are viruses that specifically infect bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the process known as lysis?

    <p>The rupture or breakdown of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the structure of DNA is not correct?

    <p>The amount of cytosine equals the amount of thymine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when DNA replication is described as semiconservative?

    <p>Each parent strand serves as a template for a new strand, conserving one original strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component that forms the bonds between the opposing strands of a double helix?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the sugars and phosphates of adjacent nucleotides in DNA?

    <p>Phosphodiester bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using tighter gels (2% or 3%) in electrophoresis?

    <p>To separate smaller molecules such as PCR products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the orientation of DNA strands?

    <p>Strands are antiparallel, oriented in opposite directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of nucleic monomers are there in DNA?

    <p>Four types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following DNA stains is considered the most sensitive to low concentrations of DNA?

    <p>Ethidium bromide (EtBr)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a base pair in DNA?

    <p>Two nitrogenous bases connected by a hydrogen bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stains glows orange when mixed with DNA and exposed to UV light?

    <p>Ethidium bromide (EtBr)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in DNA structure between bacteria and more complex organisms?

    <p>Bacterial DNA is a single, circular molecule, while complex organisms have multiple linear strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrophoresis medium is polyacrylamide primarily used for?

    <p>Vertical gel electrophoresis for small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of methylene blue as a DNA stain?

    <p>It is less toxic than ethidium bromide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lane on the gel would typically represent a DNA sample of about 7000 bp?

    <p>Lane 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gel electrophoresis, what is the main function of the agarose gel?

    <p>To separate charged molecules through a powered gel slab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nucleic acids are separated primarily on polyacrylamide gels?

    <p>smaller fragments less than 50 bp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Studying DNA

    • DNA is central to biotechnology research and development
    • This chapter covers the structure and function of DNA
    • It explains how DNA encodes proteins and how molecular modeling is used to study these processes.
    • It differentiates between eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes and how this impacts gene regulation
    • The process of growing bacterial cultures in liquid and solid media
    • A discussion on viruses and their role in genetic engineering
    • The fundamental process of genetic engineering, including recombinant DNA technology, site-specific mutagenesis, and gene therapy
    • Gel electrophoresis and how molecular characteristics affect their migration
    • The structure of DNA reveals that is composed of nucleotides
    • Nucleotides have a sugar molecule, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases
    • The two strands of DNA run antiparallel, meaning they run in opposite directions.
    • The bases on the two strands are joined together through H-bonds which are weak and break easily when exposed to high temperatures or chemical treatments.
    • The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine; the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine
    • DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion.

    DNA Structure and Function

    • Proteins are produced when genes are transcribed into mRNA then translated into the protein code
    • This is called "gene expression."

    DNA Structure: Nucleotide Chains in a Double Helix

    • Two chains of nucleotides form a double helix
    • Nucleotides are connected via hydrogen bonds
    • Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

    DNA Structure: Nitrogenous Bases

    • Nucleotides contain adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
    • Adenine pairs with thymine
    • Guanine pairs with cytosine

    DNA Structure: Antiparallel Strands

    • The nucleotides in one strand face one direction, while those in the other strand face the opposite direction.
    • This is called "antiparallel."
    • Hydrogen bonds holding the antiparallel strands together are relatively weak.
    • This allows the strands to easily separate for replication or transcription.

    Similarities in DNA Molecules Among Organisms

    • DNA is composed of four nucleic monomers
    • Virtually all DNA molecules form a double helix
    • The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine
    • The orientation of nucleotides in each strand is opposite to the other
    • DNA undergoes semiconservative replication

    DNA Replication

    • Replication is a semiconservative process, where each parent strand is conserved in the next generation
    • This means new DNA molecules are formed with one original strand and one new strand

    Variations in DNA Molecules

    • The number of DNA strands in an organism varies
    • DNA length in base pairs also varies
    • Organisms vary in the number and type of genes, as well as noncoding regions.
    • The shape of DNA strands varies among organisms.
    • A single, circular DNA molecule is found in bacteria.

    Section 4.1 Vocabulary

    • Key terms are defined with descriptions

    Section 4.2 Sources of DNA

    • DNA is naturally produced in cells
    • DNA can be isolated from cells and cultures
    • Bacterial operon is an important structure
    • The controlling elements turn genetic expression ON and OFF.

    Bacterial Cell Culture

    • Scientists provide an environment or medium for bacterial growth
    • Some bacteria grow in liquid media, such as broth.
    • Also in solid media, like agar.

    Eukaryotic DNA

    • Eukaryotic genes have a promoter region where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription
    • Transcription factors may bind at enhancer regions and increase gene expression

    Mammalian Cell Culture

    • Growing mammalian cells requires more complex conditions than bacterial cells
    • Mammalian cells are typically grown in a broth culture.

    Viral DNA

    • Viruses are collections of protein and nucleic acid molecules
    • They become active when inside a cell
    • Viruses are classified according to the type of cell they attack (bacterial, plant, or animal)

    Section 4.2 Vocabulary

    • Definitions of key terms related to DNA isolation

    Section 4.3 Isolating and Manipulating DNA

    • Genetic engineering modifies DNA to alter protein production
    • The process involves identifying a target molecule, isolating instructions, manipulating DNA, and harvesting the product.

    Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Methods to create new DNA molecules

    Site-Specific Mutagenesis

    • A technique to change the genetic code in specific sections of DNA

    Gene Therapy

    • A process to correct faulty DNA, addressing genetic diseases and disorders

    Section 4.4 Using Gel Electrophoresis to Study Gene Molecules

    • Electrophoresis separates molecules based on size, shape, and charge, using an electric field.
    • Agarose is often used as a medium in electrophoresis
    • Components of electrophoresis include agarose solution, electrophoresis buffer, Electrophoresis gel box, Power supply, Visualization system
    • Agarose gels have differing concentrations
    • PCR products are separated based on size, using electrophoresis.

    DNA Gel Stains

    • Nucleic acids are colorless, so DNA must be stained to be visible.
    • Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is frequently used, but other stains are often preferred due to safety concerns
    • EtBr glows orange in the presence of DNA when exposed to UV light.

    DNA Samples on a Gel

    • Gel electrophoresis is used to separate different DNA fragments
    • DNA samples are loaded into wells, and then subjected to an electric field and separated by size

    Section 4.4 Vocabulary

    • Defines terms related to gel electrophoresis

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    Introduction to Studying DNA PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores fundamental concepts of DNA structure and function, along with its significance in biotechnology. It covers topics such as gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, genetic engineering techniques, and molecular modeling. Test your knowledge on the essential processes like gel electrophoresis and recombinant DNA technology.

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