Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of statistics?
Descriptive statistics is concerned with making predictions about a population.
False
What is a sample?
Subset of a population
A _____ is the process of collecting information from the entire population.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a type of non-probability sampling?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the null hypothesis (Ho) generally contain?
Signup and view all the answers
A _____ variable is one that is affected by another variable.
Signup and view all the answers
In hypothesis testing, the level of significance is denoted by β.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these tests is used for comparing means of two or more groups?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the sampling techniques with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Statistics
- Statistics is the science focused on data collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation.
Purpose of Statistics
- Provides information and comparisons.
- Aids in discernment of relationships.
- Facilitates decision-making processes.
- Estimates unknown quantities and justifies claims.
- Predicts future outcomes.
Branches of Statistics
- Descriptive Statistics: Methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, and presenting data.
- Inferential Statistics: Techniques for making predictions or inferences about a population based on sample data.
Population & Sample
- Population: Totality of all elements of interest.
- Sample: A subset of the population.
Census & Survey
- Census: Information collection from the entire population.
- Survey: Information collection from a sample.
Parameter & Statistics
- Parameter: Numerical measure describing a population.
- Statistic: Numerical measure describing a sample.
Constant & Variables
- Constant: Characteristic that makes members of a group similar.
- Variables: Measurable characteristics on all population or sample elements.
Types of Variables
- Qualitative (Categorical): Indicates "what kind" of characteristic.
- Quantitative (Numerical): Indicates "how much" of a characteristic.
Types of Quantitative Variables
- Discrete Variables: Countable values.
- Continuous Variables: Measurable values.
Dependent & Independent Variables
- Dependent Variable: Affected by another variable.
- Independent Variable: Influences the dependent variable.
Scales of Measurement
- Nominal: Categorical scale with no order.
- Ordinal: Categorical scale with an implied order.
- Interval: Numeric values with known distances, no true zero.
- Ratio: Numeric values with meaningful ratios and a true zero point.
Data Presentation
- Textual: Data presented in narrative form.
- Tabular: Data organized in tables, such as frequency distribution tables.
Steps in Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
- Define class size/width, lower and upper class limits, boundaries, midpoints, and relative frequency.
Graphical Presentation of Data
- Pie Chart: Represents any data type.
- Bar Graph: Represents discrete data with gaps; includes histograms for continuous data.
- Line Graph: Utilizes frequency polygons.
Sampling Techniques
- Population: Set including all measurements of interest.
- Sample: Subset of the population.
Types of Sampling
- Probability Sampling: Equal chances for each population member.
- Non-Probability Sampling: Unequal chances for selection.
Non-Probability Sampling Methods
- Convenience Sampling: Uses readily available subjects.
- Purposive Sampling: Targets specific predefined groups.
Probability Sampling Methods
- Simple Random Sampling (SRS): Each member has a chance of inclusion.
- Stratified Sampling: Divides population into strata for sampling.
- Cluster Sampling: Samples from selected clusters.
- Systematic Sampling: Selects every kth member.
Sample Size in Research
- Larger sample sizes yield more reliable results.
Hypothesis Testing
- Hypothesis: An educated guess about a population parameter.
- Null Hypothesis (Ho): A statement expected to be rejected.
- Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): Contradicts Ho and expresses the researcher’s intent.
Level of Significance (α)
- α = 0.05: 95% probability of being correct.
- α = 0.01: 99% confidence level.
Types of Hypothesis Tests
- One-tailed Tests: Predict direction of the effect.
- Two-tailed Tests: Examine differences in either direction.
F-Test (ANOVA)
- Compares means of two or more groups, analyzing variance.
- Types include one-way, two-way, and three-way ANOVA.
Pearson r Correlation
- Measures the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation).
- Indicates strength and direction of relationships.
Simple Linear Regression Analysis
- Predicts the value of the dependent variable (y) based on the independent variable (x).
Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA)
- Predicts the dependent variable y using two or more independent variables, examining their relationships.
Chi-Square Test
- Compares observed and expected frequencies, includes tests for goodness-of-fit, homogeneity, and independence.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the basics of statistics, including its purpose and various branches, such as descriptive statistics. Understand how statistics can aid in decision-making, comparisons, and predictions. Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts that form this essential field of study.
