Introduction to Statistics

Statistics is a branch of science that deals with the collection, presentation, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

A population encompasses all subjects, whether human or otherwise, that are being studied.

<p>A sample is a group of subjects selected from the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is often impractical and costly to study the entire population. For example, conducting a survey on every citizen of a country would be highly expensive and time-consuming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A parameter is a numerical measure that describes characteristics of a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive and Inferential Statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive Statistics involves the organization, summarization, and display of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive Statistics includes summary calculations, graphs, charts, and tables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferential Statistics deals with predictions and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the results gathered by statisticians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferential Statistics includes performing estimation and hypothesis tests, determining relationships, and making predictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population: All students at the school, Sample: 100 students</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step of the process of statistics is to identify the research objective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second step of the process of statistics is to collect the information needed to answer the questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, inferential statistics is not necessary if only a small sample is used; descriptive statistics will be sufficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive Statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferential Statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferential Statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive Statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferential Statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative and Quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Qualitative variable is a variable that has distinct categories according to some characteristics or attribute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrete and Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Discrete variable is a quantitative variable that either has a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values, often resulting from counting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Continuous variable can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values, often obtained by measuring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Nominal level of measurement is the first level of measurement. It identifies, names, classifies, or categorizes objects or events, but the data cannot be arranged into an ordering scheme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ratio level of measurement is the highest level of measurement. It identifies, orders, represents equal distances between scores, and has an absolute zero point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary and Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary Sources are individuals, business firms, or agencies, whether private, government, or non-government, that collect the documented data themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary Data is data documented by the primary source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary Sources are individuals or organizations that obtain documented data from other sources. They did not collect the data themselves but compiled it from various sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary Data is data documented by a secondary source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Census is a study that collects data from all members of a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Sample Survey is a survey that collects data from a sample of people selected from a well-defined population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Respondent is someone who completes a survey or provides information in a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Personal Interview involves an interviewer asking respondents questions directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Telephone Interview or Video Call involves an interviewer asking respondents questions over the phone or video conferencing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-Administered Questionnaires involve respondents completing questionnaires on their own without the assistance of a researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Online Surveys allow respondents to complete surveys online using computers or mobile devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Focus Group Discussion is a group interview where participants discuss a topic in a moderated setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In an Experiment, a researcher intervenes by controlling conditions to observe the effect on a variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An Experimental Group is the group in an experiment that receives the treatment being tested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Control Group is a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment being tested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation is a method of collecting data by observing and recording behavior or phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Questionnaire is a list of written questions used to gather information from respondents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Close-Ended and Open-Ended</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Close-Ended Questions provide respondents with a limited set of pre-defined answer choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid using broad or ambiguous terms that can be interpreted in multiple ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid questions that are difficult to understand or that require complex thought processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid questions that require respondents to have specialized knowledge or expertise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid questions that are personal, intrusive, or that might make respondents uncomfortable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Make your questions concise and easy to read and understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Probability and Non-Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Probability Sampling involves selecting respondents randomly from a population, ensuring each element has an equal chance of being chosen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four types of Probability Sampling are Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Sampling, Cluster Sampling, and Systematic Sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple Random Sampling involves selecting respondents randomly from a population, ensuring each element has an equal chance of being chosen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified Sampling divides the population into subgroups or strata based on a certain characteristic, then samples from each subgroup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cluster Sampling divides the population into clusters and then randomly selects entire clusters to sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systematic Sampling involves selecting every <em>n</em>th element from a list or population, after randomly selecting the starting point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types of Non-Probability Sampling are Convenience Sampling, Quota Sampling, and Purposive Sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convenience Sampling involves selecting respondents who are most readily available to the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purposive Sampling involves selecting respondents who have specific characteristics relevant to the research question.</p> Signup and view all the answers