Introduction to Sports: History and Types

• Sports require physical actions and skills, individuals or teams competing under a set of rules.
• Dictionaries define sports as organized, entertaining activities that require commitment, discipline, strategy, and fair play.
• Free times from Old French desport means leisure
• Sport derives from the Persian word bord, meaning winning.

Sport in Ancient Times

• Sporting activities in China date back to 4,000 BC
• Ancient Egyptian sports: javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling.
• Ancient Persian sport: combative sports.
• Olympic Games: festival dedicated to Zeus held every four years.
• Gymnastics was added to the ancient Olympic Games.
• Events included boxing, wrestling, throwing jumping track and field events and weightlifting

Types of Sports

• Individual sports: one participant on each competing side
• Dual sports: two competing pairs or two striving against one another.
• Team sports: three or more players.

Individual/Dual vs Team Sports

• Individual sports foster discipline, self-confidence, focus, and passion.
• The individual player is solely responsible for the outcome.
• Team sports consider many variables to determine success or failure.
• Team performance relies on the collective effort of all players.

Examples of Individual and Dual Sports

• Archery, Arnis, Athletics, Bodybuilding, Badminton, Billiards, Bowling, Boxing, Chess, Cycling, Dance Sport, Darts, Diving, Equestrian, Fencing, Figure Skating, Golf, Gymnastics, Judo, Karatedo, Lawn Tennis, Motor Sports, Muay Thai, Pencak Silat, Shooting, Skateboarding, Skiing, Sipa, Snowboarding, Snooker, Squash, Surfing, Swimming, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Triathlon, Weightlifting, Wushu

Examples of Team Sports

• Baseball, Basketball, Cheerleading, Cricket, Dodgeball, Floorball, Futsal, Handball, Ice hockey, Korfball, Netball, Rugby, Sepak Takraw, Softball, Volleyball, Waterpolo

Aspects to Consider in Learning a Sport

• History: inventor, country of origin, and development.

• Court dimensions/venue: indoor, outdoor, size, designs for male or female, and safety measures.

• Equipment and gear: protection, uniforms, and outfits.

• Technical and tactical skills: technical skills are the basics of playing the game, while tactical skills are the strategies.

• Rules of the game: set of rules, violations, penalties, scoring, and number of players.

• Amateur sports involve one or more players representing a place in organized games.

• Professional sports are profitable and elevated as entertainment.

Safety Measures

• Use appropriate safety equipment.
• Stay hydrated.
• Perform moderate-intensity physical activity regularly.
• Wear appropriate clothing for the weather.

Ball Sports

• Involve the use of balls.
• Categories include ball only, ball and a stick/bat, and ball over the net.
• The ball only sports: basketball, soccer, football, bowling, paddleball, handball, and table tennis.
• The ball and bat: basketball, golf, field hockey, billiards, and softball.
• Ball played over the net: tennis, badminton, pickleball, and volleyball.

Strength and Combat Sports

• Strength-based: bodybuilding, weightlifting, and powerlifting.
• Combat sports: boxing, ultimate fighting, wrestling, karate, and taekwondo. Kendo and fencing use weapons.

Endurance and Track Sports

• Track sports: marathons, sprint relays, long jump, high jump, javelin throwing, pole vault, and discus throw.
• Endurance sports: mountain biking, road cycling, BMX, and the decathlon.

Water, Snow, and Ice Sports

• Associated with those elements.
• Examples: swimming, diving, surfing, and rowing.

Terminologies

• Athletes: players in sport.
• Athletics: structured, competitive activities in which skilled individuals participate
• Coach: formal authority within a team.
• Competition: a competitive sport or tournament.
• Court: physical facility/venue for sports.
• Equipment: heavy and well-built materials used in a sport.
• Exercise: means to participate, to strengthen
• Game: synonymous to a match governed by rules and regulations.
• Leisure: available time used from work
• Match: an entire game characterized by number, time, and order
• Official: person with full jurisdiction over the game.
• Play: the act of playing
• Riot (Hooliganism): denotes violence in sports
• Set: a partition of a match.
• Sportsmanship: strives for fair play, courtesy, ethical behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat
• Supplies: the racquets and balls that are inevitably replaced
• Team Captain: The leader or the player that is in-charge of his/her co- team members.

Badminton history

• The origin dates back to 2000 years to the game of battledore and shuttlecock played in ancient Greece, China and India
• Badminton House in Gloucestershire, the ancestral home of the Duke of Beaufort, where the sport was played in the last century
• The IBF was formed in 1934.
• The first big IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (men's world team championships) in 1948.
• The Uber Cup (ladies' team)
• The World Cup invitational event started in 1981
• When the Uber Cup was introduced in 1956, Americans won
• The year 1996 was a landmark in USA badminton.
• In December 1995, the IBF introduced a new concept tournament in California, the Hong Ta Shan Cup

Badminton equipments

• Court: The area of play, as defined by the outer boundary lines.
• Net: The net is made of fine cord, dark in colour and of an even thickness, with a mesh
• Posts: The posts are used to hold the net in place.
• Racket: The instrument used by players to hit the shuttlecock.
• Shuttlecock

Badminton Equipments: Important Guidelines

• Rackets are fragile, avoid striking the floor, wall, net, posts, or your partner. Replacement costs will be assessed for damaged rackets.
• Shuttlecocks should be handled by the tips only.
• Assignment of rackets is by roll call number.
• Rackets are returned to the proper slot and birds to the basket at the end of each period.

Badminton Scoring

• Rally scoring allows for a point to be won by either team regardless of which team is serving.
• Both singles and doubles games are won with 21 points.
• The side winning a rally adds a point to its' score.
• At 20 all, the side that gains a 2 point lead first, wins that game.
• At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point wins that game.
• In the third game of singles and doubles, players change sides when a side scores 11 points.
• A match is won by winning two out of three games.

Game Rules Badminton:

• Singles: one player on a side.
• Doubles side: two players on a
• Mixed Doubles one male and one female partner opposing a male and female opponent.

Badminton General Rules/Regulations

• The server must keep both feet in contact with the floor at the time of the serve.
• The bird must be contacted below the waist.
• The racket head must be below the server's wrist.
• The server should not serve until the receiver is ready
• Partners of the server and receiver may stand anywhere on the court providing they do not obstruct the opponent's view.
• A bird that touches the net on the serve and goes into the proper service court is legal.
• If the server misses the bird on the serve attempt, it still counts.
• The first serve of the game and all following serves from the right service court.
• All serves, when the server's score is an odd number, are made from the left service court.
• There is only one server in doubles.
• The winners of the first game serve first in the next game.
• Birds falling on the lines are considered good.

Badminton Faults

• On the service, any part of the racket head is higher than the server's wrist and contact is made above the waist.
• The service fails to cross the net or go into the proper service court.
• The feet of the server and receiver are not in the proper courts at time of service.
• The server hesitates or stops (feint/balk) the service motion or misses the bird.
• The improper receiver returns the bird on the serve.
• A bird hit into the net, under the net, against the wall or ceiling is out-of-bounds.
• A player hits the bird before it crosses the net.
• The bird touches a player or clothing
• The player touches the net while the bird is in play.
• The bird is hit twice in succession by one/both partners.
• The bird is held, caught, or carried on the racket when struck.
• A player obstructs an opponent.
• (a play allowed to be replayed)The bird becomes caught in or on the net after passing over the net.

Basic badminton skills

• Forehand: with the racket head perpendicular to the floor
• Backhand: using a forehand grip, rotate the hand slightly so the thumb is along and parallel to the wide side of the handle.

Badminton Footwork

• Move toward the shot with short steps and end with a long stride.
• Most shots are played with the body at right angles to the net.
• In the ready position the racket is held high

Badminton strokes

• Clear: used to drive your opponent away from the net
• Smash: an attacking shot
• Drive: A flat shot kept as low as possible
• Drop Shot: any shot that drops immediately after crossing the net.
• Net Shot: any shot played as near to the net as possible

Badminton Serves:

• High and deep take a position near and on the proper side of the centerline and about four feet behind the short service line.
• Low and short take a position closer to the front service line.
• Drive (flick) a quick snap of the wrist in the backhand grip

Badminton terminologies

• Alley: an extension of the width of the court on both sides to be used in doubles play.
• Backhand: any stroke made on the side of the body opposite the racket side.
• Baseline: back boundary line.
• Bird: the object that flies over the net, officially known as a shuttlecock
• Block placing the racket in front of the bird and letting it rebound into the opponent's court.
• Carry momentarily holding the bird on the racket during the execution of a stroke.
• Clear a high shot that falls close to the baseline.
• Double hit contacting the bird twice in succession on the same stroke.
• Doubles a game of four players, two on each team.
• Driven a hard stroke that just clears the net on a horizontal plane.
• Drop a shot made that barely clears the net with little speed.
• Fault any violation of the rules whose penalty is loss of serve or the point.
• Forehand any stroke made on the racket side of the body.
• Inning Turn of service.
• Ready position an alert body position enabling quick movement in any direction.
• Setting the game the method of extending the games by increasing the number of points necessary to win tied games.
• Singles a game involving one player on each end of the court.
• Smash a powerful overhand stroke that sends the bird downward over the net.

Table Tennis

• Table Tennis is a tennis-like skill sport in which two or four plays a lightweight ball back and forth using a bat/paddle or racket.
• The game place on a table divided by a net.
• Players must allow a ball toward them with one bounce on their table and must return it-bouncing on the opponent's table.
• It a player scores a point if the opposing player fails to properly return the ball to the other side of the table.
• With two attempts of serving, the first player to score eleven (11) points with two points advantage wins a set.
• Table Tennis originated in England probably in the late 1800's serving as an after-dinner amusement for the upper class Victorians.
• Table Tennis game was played with many different names like Ping Pong Gossima, Whiff Waff, Parlour Tennis ,Indoor Tennis etc.
• The earnest evidence extant of an action game of Tennis on a table is a set made by David Foster, patented in England in 1890: Parlour Table Games.
• The name ping-pong was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd. trademarked it in 1901.
• The first table tennis world championship tournament was played in London during the year 1927.
• Olympic table tennis was first played in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.
• The Racket size: the blade is approximately 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) long and 6 inches (15cm) wide. The average size is approximately 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) long and 6 inches (15cm) wide.

Table Tennis Equipments

• The Ball: a white or orange celluloid-made table tennis ball, with a matte finish, must measure exactly 40 mm. in diameter and weigh exactly 2.7 grams; preferably with three stars (highest quality).
• The net should be attached on both sides to upright poles that stand 15.25 centimeter. The ITTF approved table surface must be either green or blue

Fundamentals of Table Tennis

• Shakehand (Orthodox or Western Grip).
• Penhold (Chinese Grip).

Table tennis hand strokes

• The dominant hand stroke used in playing table tennis
• The opposite of the dominant hand stroke.

Table tennis Types of Shots

• Offensive Strokes (Attack mode)
• Speed drive: The racket is primaily perpendicular
• Advantage: Making the ball diffcult to return, applying pressure on the opponent, and potentially opening up an opportunity for a more powerful attack.
• Loop: The racket is much more parallel to the direction of the stroke (closed to turn the racket inward, making the forehand closer to the table). Using a racket, the player strikes the ball consequently to put a lot of topspin.
• Counter Drive: This type of stroke is usually a counter-attack against drives, normally high loop drives. A player closes his racket hitting the ball quickly off the bounce

table tennis Defensive (Guard/Shield mode)

• Slice: he racket hits the ball doing a slash motion underneath.
• Chop: A chop is a defense backspin shot to loop drive. It is done with a bigger and heavier slice.
• Block: the racket is placed just in front of the ball.
• Lob: A player heavily lifts the ball producing a vertical projectile height before it touches the opponent's table.
• Note that these spin shots are responsible behind a lot of shots

Table tennis Services

• The act of putting the players in play.
• Then, the player commences the service by tossing the ball upward, without spin, at least 16 cm in height.
• In doubles, the ball shall touch successively the right half court of server and receiver.
• Then a receiver is awarded a point if the ball strikes the net but does not pass over it.

table tennis Scoring

• There is point awarded for every error or violation on the opposite side