Introduction to Sociology Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the main concept explored within Functionalism?

  • How individuals give meaning to their actions based on personal experiences
  • The repeated interaction patterns needed to achieve family goals
  • How institutions function together to benefit society (correct)
  • The complex organization of families based on feedback

What is the primary focus of Symbolic Interactionism?

  • Examining the repeated patterns of interaction in families
  • Understanding the meaning individuals give to their actions (correct)
  • Analyzing the role of individuals in institutions
  • Explaining the development of self-esteem

How do the concepts of 'me self' and 'I self' relate to Symbolic Interactionism?

  • They are developed through feedback and interpretations of others' actions (correct)
  • They are the two main components of a family system
  • They represent different stages of development in a family system
  • They are different roles individuals play within an institution

What is the significance of a family's 'strategies'?

<p>They are the patterns of interaction that help the family achieve its goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between the 'looking glass self' theory and Symbolic Interactionism?

<p>Both highlight the role of feedback and interpretations in shaping self-image. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea conveyed by the phrase "the more successful, the more ready you are to move on to the next stage"?

<p>The process of resolving conflicts and achieving personal growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text illustrate the concept of Systems Theory?

<p>By analyzing the way a family's dynamics change with the mother's return to work. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of unresolved conflicts in an individual's life?

<p>A feeling of missed opportunities and regret. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's Psychosexual Theory, which of the following best describes the 'id'?

<p>The part of our personality that drives us to seek pleasure and avoid pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories emphasizes the role of social interactions in shaping the self?

<p>The part of our personality that drives us to seek pleasure and avoid pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, what is the main driver of a child's development?

<p>The child's ability to learn and adapt to their environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory differ from Freud's Psychosexual Theory?

<p>Erikson emphasizes the role of social interactions, while Freud focuses on instinctual drives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the 'looking-glass self' concept?

<p>We develop our self-concept based on how we think others perceive us. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'superego' represent in Freud's Psychosexual Theory?

<p>The part of us that represents our morals and conscience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that the self develops through a series of stages characterized by specific tasks or conflicts?

<p>Psychosocial Development Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Experience Theory, what is the role of 'role-playing' in self-development?

<p>It helps children understand social roles and expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main difference between Conflict Theory and Functionalism?

<p>Conflict Theory emphasizes competition, while Functionalism emphasizes cooperation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of emphasis in Conflict Theory?

<p>The role of power and control in shaping social relations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does delayed parenthood refer to?

<p>Waiting until later in life to have children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has life expectancy for women changed since the 1850s?

<p>It has improved due to better healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is voluntary childlessness?

<p>Deciding not to have children by choice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal factor may contribute to the definition of a social clock?

<p>Cultural norms regarding marriage and parenting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historically contributed to the lower life expectancy for women before the 1850s?

<p>Frequent complications during childbirth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic outcome for children raised in a more democratic household?

<p>They are self-assured and have good social skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of parenting style is characterized by low control and few demands?

<p>Permissive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes children of uninvolved parents?

<p>They are emotionally withdrawn and at risk for substance abuse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of permissive parenting?

<p>Children are likely to engage in risky behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of arranged marriage?

<p>Parents and elders select partners based on various social factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the family in relation to population growth?

<p>Responsible for the addition of new members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does sociology view the family?

<p>As a social institution that interacts with other societal institutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors might be considered in arranged marriages?

<p>Kin obligations and family reputation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parenting style is indicated by parents acting more like friends than authority figures?

<p>Permissive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the family involves teaching children societal values and skills?

<p>Socialize Children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of controlling behavior within families?

<p>To maintain family order and socialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of rules surrounding exogamy and endogamy in marriage?

<p>They restrict marriage possibilities within certain groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the family contribute to emotional development?

<p>By meeting emotional needs and providing nurturance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the family play in the economic function?

<p>Producing and consuming goods and services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a family maintain morale among its members?

<p>By effective nurturance and encouraging social participation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the family is directly related to providing physical care?

<p>Physical Care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does duty-based moral code prioritize when making important decisions?

<p>Family obligations over personal considerations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is education inflation?

<p>The necessity for higher education for the same job qualifications as in the past (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Symbolic Interactionist School differ from the Symbolic Interactionism Theory?

<p>The school considers group culture and societal beliefs as a whole. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Propinquity Theory suggest about partner attraction?

<p>Proximity plays a significant role in determining attraction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Evolutionary Theory, what is a common basis for mate selection?

<p>Sexual selection based on perceived health and fertility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Hunter-Gatherer families?

<p>Women played a central role in childbearing and were respected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Halo Effect describe?

<p>A bias where one positive trait influences perceptions of overall character. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of informal group marriage in early human families?

<p>Shared labor and long-term relationships among parents and children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Systems Theory

A group of individuals interacting and influencing each other, creating a complex system with feedback loops.

Strategies (Systems Theory)

Repeated patterns of interaction within a family system, helping achieve goals and function.

Symbolic Interactionism

The meaning individuals attach to their actions based on personal experiences and their social world.

Looking Glass Self (Symbolic Interactionism)

The process of understanding and interpreting feedback from others, shaping our self-concept.

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Role Taking (Symbolic Interactionism)

Predicting how others will act and adjusting our own behavior in response.

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Functionalism

A sociological theory that examines how social institutions, like family, law, and school, work together for the benefit of society.

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Individual Role (Functionalism)

An individual's position and role within a specific social institution.

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Success and Fulfillment in Life

The idea that successful resolution of life conflicts leads to a sense of fulfillment and contentment in old age.

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Conflict Theory

A macro theory that criticizes how groups in society compete for resources. Focuses on power and control, often using the terms Bourgeoisie (wealthy) and Proletariat (laborers) to illustrate class conflict.

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Social Experience Theory

A theory suggesting that the development of a person's self-identity is shaped by their interactions with others and their understanding of how others perceive them.

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Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget)

A theory that explains how children develop their self-awareness and social understanding through various stages, each marked by different cognitive abilities.

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Social Experience Theory (Mead & Cooley)

A theory that emphasizes the importance of social experiences and role-playing for shaping the self, particularly the 'me-self' component, which is influenced by how others respond to us.

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Psychosexual Theory (Freud)

A theory that explains personality development as a struggle between the 'id' (seeking immediate pleasure) and the 'superego' (internalized societal expectations).

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Id (Freud)

Represents the impulsive, pleasure-seeking part of the personality that desires instant gratification.

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Superego (Freud)

Represents the internalized moral compass of the personality, often influenced by societal norms and expectations.

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Ego (Freud)

Represents the mediating force that balances the demands of the 'id' and the 'superego' in order to navigate social norms.

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Psychosocial Development Theory (Erikson)

A theory that describes human development in eight distinct stages, each marked by a unique conflict between personal desires and societal expectations.

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Looking Glass Self (Cooley)

A model that emphasizes that children develop their self-understanding and social skills through interactions and experiences in their social environment.

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Psychology in the family context

The study of how individuals interact and influence each other, focusing on mental processes and motivations behind behavior. In the family context, psychology examines relationships, parenting styles, and emotional development.

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Sociology in the family context

The study of patterns of behavior in large groups. It helps create policies and community plans by focusing on demographics. In the family context, sociology analyzes the family's role in society, its interactions with other institutions, and the impact of social forces on family dynamics.

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Reproduction: Family Function 1

Adding new members to the family through reproduction, contributing to population growth and economic prosperity.

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Physical care: Family Function 2

Caring for all family members, including children, the elderly, and those with special needs, providing food, medicine, and emotional support.

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Socializing children: Family Function 3

Teaching children the values, skills, and knowledge of their society to ensure their survival and success.

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Controlling behavior: Family Function 4

Monitoring and controlling the behavior of family members to maintain order and harmony within the family and society, contributing to the family's reputation.

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Maintaining morale: Family Function 5

Maintaining morale and motivating individuals to participate in society by fulfilling emotional needs and encouraging them to take on appropriate social roles.

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Economic function: Family Function 6

Producing and consuming goods and services, requiring family members to work to earn income and support the family's needs.

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Authoritative Parenting

Parenting style that emphasizes high expectations, clear communication, and consistent discipline while also providing warmth and responsiveness.

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Authoritarian Parenting

Parenting style that involves high levels of control and strict rules, with less emphasis on warmth and communication.

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Permissive Parenting

Parenting style characterized by low levels of control and few demands, often prioritizing the child's happiness over discipline.

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Uninvolved Parenting

Parenting style marked by a lack of emotional involvement, warmth, and consistent support for the child.

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Arranged Marriage

A marriage decided upon by families or community members, often based on factors like lineage, wealth, or social status.

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Free-Choice Marriage

A marriage where individuals choose their own partners based on personal preferences, values, and attraction.

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Exogamy

A social rule prohibiting marriage within a specific group, often based on factors like family lineage, religion, or social class.

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Endogamy

A social rule permitting or requiring marriage within a specific group, often based on factors like family lineage, religion, or social class.

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Duty-based moral code

A cultural value system that prioritizes family obligations over personal considerations when making major decisions.

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Education inflation

The concept that individuals today need more education for similar jobs compared to past generations.

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Evolutionary Theory (Mate Selection)

A theory suggesting that people choose mates based on traits perceived as healthy and fertile.

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Propinquity Theory

People are more likely to be attracted to partners who live nearby.

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Halo Effect

A bias where one positive trait influences our perception of a person's entire character, causing us to overlook their negative qualities.

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Hunter-Gatherer Family

An early human family structure characterized by informal group marriage, shared labor, and kinship ties for survival.

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Symbolic Interactionist School

A sociological perspective that explains social behavior by examining meanings assigned to actions by individuals and groups.

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Symbolic Interactionalism (Family)

A theory explaining how different meanings individuals hold for family actions can influence family dynamics.

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Negotiation

A process of discussion and compromise aimed at reaching a solution that satisfies everyone involved.

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Domestic Violence

Violence that occurs within a family, often involving physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.

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Divorce

The legal process of ending a marriage.

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Social Clock

The pressure associated with societal expectations regarding what age is appropriate for certain milestones, such as marriage, parenthood, or retirement.

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Voluntary Childlessness

The deliberate choice of a couple not to have children.

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Study Notes

HHS 4U1 Exam Review (Jan. 2025)

  • Exam Format: 2 hours, 75 total marks
  • Multiple Choice (Knowledge): 20 questions, 20 marks
  • Identification (Thinking): Choose 6 of 12 options, 30 marks. Students must identify key terms/concepts, provide background, examples, or connections
  • Short Answer: Choose 4 of 6 options, 20 marks
  • Long Answer: Choose 1 of 2 options, 30 marks. Students must produce 5 paragraphs/arguments.

Theories/Concepts

  • Conflict Theory: (macro theory) Criticizes rather than explains how groups in society compete for resources. Focuses on power and control in society. Key concepts include: Bourgeoisie (powerful, wealthy owners) and Proletariat (less wealthy workers)
  • Developmental and Socialization Theories: Explores theories of how individuals develop within the process of socialization.

Theories in the Process of Socialization

  • Psychosexual Theory (Freud): Emphasizes impulses (id) striving for pleasure and avoiding pain, and the ego (responsible) working to manage these impulses to fit social expectations. The superego attempts to control the id; these three are in conflict.
  • Developmental and Socialization Theories: These theories aim to explain how individuals' personalities emerge in stages through socialization.
  • Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget): Children go through stages of cognitive development, progressing from self-centered to broader understandings of social interaction.

Social Experience Theory

  • Cooley and Mead: Self-development depends on how individuals perceive others see them (Looking-Glass self). The "I-self" is subjective while the "Me-self" form impressions about the "I-self."
  • Psychosocial Development Theory (Erikson): Individuals face conflicts at different life stages, and successfully navigating these will affect personality development.

Symbolic Interactionism

  • Meaning behind actions: People act based on the meanings they give to actions, influenced by personal experiences. The meaning of actions also depends on social context and shared symbols.
  • Role Taking: A critical part of this process; how individuals anticipate and respond to others' actions.
  • Effective interaction: Depends on common language and shared symbols; for meanings to be effectively exchanged.

Functionalism

  • Stability and harmony of society: Focuses on how different institutions work together in society to maintain stability and social order. This framework is commonly based on how individuals understand their roles within institutions.

Social Exchange Theory

  • Individuals make decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis: Individuals evaluate the costs and benefits of various relationships and actions and aim to maximize benefits (such as companionship) and minimize costs (such as conflict).
  • Decision-making process: Includes personal interpretations and perceptions rather than objective facts.
  • For example, someone may stay in an abusive relationship because the sense of companionship seems worth the cost of the abuse.

Other Key Concepts

  • Sternberg's Triangle of Love: Love is composed of passion, intimacy, and commitment
  • Cooley's Looking-Glass Self: Self-image is formed through interpreting how others view us

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HHS 4U1 Exam Review PDF (Jan 2025)

Description

This quiz explores key concepts in sociology, focusing on Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, and various psychological theories. It covers how social interactions shape self-identity and the importance of family strategies within these frameworks. Test your understanding of these foundational theories and their implications in social sciences.

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