Introduction to Social Science Review

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a branch of anthropology?

Archaeological Anthropology

Biological Anthropology

Social Psychology (correct)

Cultural Anthropology

The primary focus of sociology is individual behavior.

False

What is the main difference between primary and secondary research?

Primary research involves collecting original data, while secondary research involves analyzing existing data.

Ethical experiments are designed to ensure no and/or ____ harm is done.

physical, psychological Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts to their definitions:

Independent Variable = The variable that is manipulated Dependent Variable = The variable that is measured Control Group = Group not receiving the treatment Experimental Group = Group receiving the treatment Signup and view all the answers

What type of correlation is indicated by a correlation coefficient of -0.8?

Strong negative correlation Signup and view all the answers

Confounding variables can enhance the accuracy of an experiment.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Belmont Report in social research?

It outlines ethical principles and guidelines for conducting research involving human subjects. Signup and view all the answers

A strong correlation coefficient is closer to or .

1, -1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of data collection?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anthropology studies human behavior, culture, and societies through various branches: cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
Sociology focuses on social behavior, institutions, and structures, analyzing how individuals interact within societies and the impact of social norms.
Psychology examines mental processes and human behavior with predominant schools of thought: behaviorism, cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology, and psychoanalysis.

Anthropologists investigate cultural practices, rituals, and social structures among different communities.
Sociologists pose questions about social relationships, group dynamics, and how social changes affect individuals and society.
Psychologists seek to understand thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, often exploring topics like mental health, motivation, and perception.

Steps include formulating a question, developing a hypothesis, conducting research, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
A good hypothesis is testable, providing a clear prediction of outcomes based on theoretical foundations.
Operational definitions specify how variables are measured or identified in a study.

Sampling Techniques and Data Collection

Two sampling techniques discussed are random sampling and stratified sampling.
Data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
Primary research involves collecting new data directly from sources, whereas secondary research involves analyzing existing data.

Pros and Cons of Data Collection

Primary research offers specific, tailored data but can be time-consuming and expensive.
Secondary research is quicker and less costly but may not address specific research questions directly.
Different types of observation include participant observation, non-participant observation, and systematic observation, each with unique approaches.

Correlational vs. Experimental Studies

Correlational studies identify relationships between variables without manipulation, while experimental studies involve controlled experimentation to determine causal effects.
Positive correlations indicate that as one variable increases, the other does as well; negative correlations show an inverse relationship.
Strong correlation coefficients rise closer to 1 or -1; weak coefficients are closer to 0.
The directionality problem raises questions about causation direction; third variables are extraneous factors influencing variables in correlation.

Experimental Study Components

Key components include independent variables (manipulated by researchers) and dependent variables (measured outcomes).
Control groups do not receive experimental treatment, whereas experimental groups do.
A placebo is a non-active treatment to control for participant expectations.
Confounding variables are external factors that could influence the results, complicating interpretation.

Reliability vs. Validity

Reliability types include test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
Validity types consist of construct validity, content validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

Ethical experiments ensure no physical or psychological harm is done to participants.
The Belmont Report establishes ethical principles in research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, crucial for protecting participants and promoting responsible research practices.

Description

This quiz serves as a comprehensive review of the fundamental concepts in anthropology, psychology, and sociology. It covers the various branches and focuses of these disciplines, along with the types of questions each field explores. Perfect for students preparing for exams in social science.