Introduction to Social Science

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a branch of anthropology focused on studying human evolution?

Biological Anthropology (correct)

Linguistic Anthropology

Archaeological Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

A strong correlation coefficient is closer to 0 than to 1.

False

What is the main focus of sociology?

The study of social behavior and societal structures.

Ethical experiments are designed to ensure no and/or ____ harm is done.

psychological, physical Signup and view all the answers

Match the social science discipline with its primary focus:

Anthropology = Human cultures and societies Psychology = Individual behavior and mental processes Sociology = Social interactions and institutions Social Science Inquiry = Methods of research and data collection Signup and view all the answers

What type of research focuses on using random sampling to gather data from a population?

Survey Research Signup and view all the answers

A control group is the group that receives the experimental treatment in a study.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are two types of sampling techniques used in social science research?

Random sampling and stratified sampling Signup and view all the answers

Reliability refers to the _ of a measure, while validity refers to the _ of a measure.

consistency; accuracy Signup and view all the answers

Match the research methods with their descriptions:

Qualitative Research = Data collection through interviews and observations Quantitative Research = Data collection through surveys and experiments Experimental Studies = Involving manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect Observational Studies = Collecting data without interfering in the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychology?

Study of human behavior and mental processes Signup and view all the answers

A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also decreases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are two methods of data collection commonly used in social science research?

Surveys and observations Signup and view all the answers

The three types of validity are , , and .

content, construct, criterion Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling techniques with their descriptions:

Random Sampling = Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected Stratified Sampling = The population is divided into subgroups, and samples are taken from each subgroup Systematic Sampling = Every nth member of the population is selected Convenience Sampling = Samples are taken from a group that is easily accessible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines anthropology?

Study of human societies and their cultures Signup and view all the answers

A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary research?

Primary research involves the collection of original data, while secondary research involves analyzing data collected by others. Signup and view all the answers

In an experimental study, the variable is manipulated to observe its effect on the variable.

independent; dependent Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of reliability to their definitions:

Test-retest reliability = Consistency of results over time Inter-rater reliability = Agreement between different observers Internal consistency = Consistency of results across items in a test Signup and view all the answers

What describes a positive correlation?

As one variable increases, the other also increases Signup and view all the answers

Confounding variables are variables that are intentionally manipulated in an experiment.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Belmont Report?

To provide ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. Signup and view all the answers

The operational definition of a variable defines it in terms of and .

specific measurements; procedures Signup and view all the answers

Match the schools of thought in psychology to their descriptions:

Behaviorism = Focuses on observable behaviors Cognitive psychology = Studies mental processes like thinking and memory Psychodynamic theory = Emphasizes unconscious influences on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of an anthropologist when conducting research?

Understanding human behavior within a cultural context Signup and view all the answers

A correlational study can definitively establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of sampling techniques commonly used in social science research?

Random sampling and stratified sampling Signup and view all the answers

The key components of experimental studies include , , and control groups.

independent variables, dependent variables Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

Reliability = Consistency of measurement Validity = Accuracy of measurement Confounding Variables = Variables that obscure the relationship between independent and dependent variables Placebo = Inert treatment to compare against an active treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an experimental study?

It uses a control group and an experimental group. Signup and view all the answers

Experiments in social science research are typically conducted without ethical considerations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the operational definition of a variable?

A statement that provides a measurable definition of a variable. Signup and view all the answers

Primary research involves collecting data directly from _______________, while secondary research involves analyzing data that has already been collected.

participants Signup and view all the answers

What type of correlation is indicated by a correlation coefficient of -0.8?

Strong negative correlation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
- Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
- Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
- Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
Sampling Techniques:
- Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
- Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
- Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
- Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
- Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
- Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
- Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
- Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
- Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
Sampling Techniques:
- Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
- Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
- Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
- Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
- Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
- Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
- Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
- Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
- Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
Sampling Techniques:
- Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
- Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
- Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
- Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
- Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
- Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
- Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
- Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
- Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
Sampling Techniques:
- Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
- Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
- Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
- Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
- Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
- Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
- Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
- Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
- Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
Sampling Techniques:
- Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
- Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
- Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
- Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
- Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
- Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of social science, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology. This quiz delves into the branches and questions of each discipline, providing a comprehensive overview of human behavior and social structures in various contexts.

Introduction to Social Science

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a branch of anthropology focused on studying human evolution?

A strong correlation coefficient is closer to 0 than to 1.

What is the main focus of sociology?

Ethical experiments are designed to ensure no ________________ and/or ____________________ harm is done.

Match the social science discipline with its primary focus:

What type of research focuses on using random sampling to gather data from a population?

A control group is the group that receives the experimental treatment in a study.

What are two types of sampling techniques used in social science research?

Reliability refers to the _____________ of a measure, while validity refers to the _____________ of a measure.

Match the research methods with their descriptions:

What is the primary focus of psychology?

A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also decreases.

What are two methods of data collection commonly used in social science research?

The three types of validity are ____________, ____________, and ____________.

Match the following sampling techniques with their descriptions:

Which of the following best defines anthropology?

A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.

What is the main difference between primary and secondary research?

In an experimental study, the __________ variable is manipulated to observe its effect on the __________ variable.

Match the types of reliability to their definitions:

What describes a positive correlation?

Confounding variables are variables that are intentionally manipulated in an experiment.

What is the purpose of the Belmont Report?

The operational definition of a variable defines it in terms of ____________ and ____________.

Match the schools of thought in psychology to their descriptions:

What is the main concern of an anthropologist when conducting research?

A correlational study can definitively establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

What are the two types of sampling techniques commonly used in social science research?

The key components of experimental studies include ________________, ________________, and control groups.

Match the following terms to their definitions:

Which of the following is a characteristic of an experimental study?

Experiments in social science research are typically conducted without ethical considerations.

What is the operational definition of a variable?

Primary research involves collecting data directly from _______________, while secondary research involves analyzing data that has already been collected.

What type of correlation is indicated by a correlation coefficient of -0.8?

Study Notes