Introduction to Social Science
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a branch of anthropology focused on studying human evolution?

  • Biological Anthropology (correct)
  • Linguistic Anthropology
  • Archaeological Anthropology
  • Cultural Anthropology

    • A strong correlation coefficient is closer to 0 than to 1.

    False

    What is the main focus of sociology?

    The study of social behavior and societal structures.

    Ethical experiments are designed to ensure no ________________ and/or ____________________ harm is done.

    <p>psychological, physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the social science discipline with its primary focus:

    <p>Anthropology = Human cultures and societies Psychology = Individual behavior and mental processes Sociology = Social interactions and institutions Social Science Inquiry = Methods of research and data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research focuses on using random sampling to gather data from a population?

    <p>Survey Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A control group is the group that receives the experimental treatment in a study.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two types of sampling techniques used in social science research?

    <p>Random sampling and stratified sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reliability refers to the _____________ of a measure, while validity refers to the _____________ of a measure.

    <p>consistency; accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the research methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Qualitative Research = Data collection through interviews and observations Quantitative Research = Data collection through surveys and experiments Experimental Studies = Involving manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect Observational Studies = Collecting data without interfering in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychology?

    <p>Study of human behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also decreases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two methods of data collection commonly used in social science research?

    <p>Surveys and observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three types of validity are ____________, ____________, and ____________.

    <p>content, construct, criterion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sampling techniques with their descriptions:

    <p>Random Sampling = Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected Stratified Sampling = The population is divided into subgroups, and samples are taken from each subgroup Systematic Sampling = Every nth member of the population is selected Convenience Sampling = Samples are taken from a group that is easily accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines anthropology?

    <p>Study of human societies and their cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between primary and secondary research?

    <p>Primary research involves the collection of original data, while secondary research involves analyzing data collected by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experimental study, the __________ variable is manipulated to observe its effect on the __________ variable.

    <p>independent; dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of reliability to their definitions:

    <p>Test-retest reliability = Consistency of results over time Inter-rater reliability = Agreement between different observers Internal consistency = Consistency of results across items in a test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a positive correlation?

    <p>As one variable increases, the other also increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Confounding variables are variables that are intentionally manipulated in an experiment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Belmont Report?

    <p>To provide ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The operational definition of a variable defines it in terms of ____________ and ____________.

    <p>specific measurements; procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the schools of thought in psychology to their descriptions:

    <p>Behaviorism = Focuses on observable behaviors Cognitive psychology = Studies mental processes like thinking and memory Psychodynamic theory = Emphasizes unconscious influences on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of an anthropologist when conducting research?

    <p>Understanding human behavior within a cultural context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A correlational study can definitively establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of sampling techniques commonly used in social science research?

    <p>Random sampling and stratified sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The key components of experimental studies include ________________, ________________, and control groups.

    <p>independent variables, dependent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Reliability = Consistency of measurement Validity = Accuracy of measurement Confounding Variables = Variables that obscure the relationship between independent and dependent variables Placebo = Inert treatment to compare against an active treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an experimental study?

    <p>It uses a control group and an experimental group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experiments in social science research are typically conducted without ethical considerations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operational definition of a variable?

    <p>A statement that provides a measurable definition of a variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary research involves collecting data directly from _______________, while secondary research involves analyzing data that has already been collected.

    <p>participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of correlation is indicated by a correlation coefficient of -0.8?

    <p>Strong negative correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Social Science

    • Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
      • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
    • Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
      • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
    • Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
      • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
    • Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
    • Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
    • Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

    The Social Science Inquiry Method

    • Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
    • Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
    • Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
    • Sampling Techniques:
      • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
      • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
    • Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
    • Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
      • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
      • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
    • Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
      • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
      • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
    • Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
    • Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

    Correlational vs Experimental Studies

    • Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
    • Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
    • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
    • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
    • Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
    • Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
    • Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
    • Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
    • Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
    • Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
    • Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
    • Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
    • Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
    • Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

    Reliability vs Validity

    • Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
    • Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

    Ethical Guidelines

    • Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
    • Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

    Introduction to Social Science

    • Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
      • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
    • Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
      • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
    • Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
      • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
    • Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
    • Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
    • Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

    The Social Science Inquiry Method

    • Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
    • Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
    • Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
    • Sampling Techniques:
      • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
      • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
    • Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
    • Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
      • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
      • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
    • Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
      • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
      • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
    • Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
    • Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

    Correlational vs Experimental Studies

    • Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
    • Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
    • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
    • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
    • Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
    • Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
    • Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
    • Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
    • Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
    • Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
    • Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
    • Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
    • Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
    • Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

    Reliability vs Validity

    • Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
    • Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

    Ethical Guidelines

    • Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
    • Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

    Introduction to Social Science

    • Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
      • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
    • Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
      • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
    • Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
      • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
    • Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
    • Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
    • Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

    The Social Science Inquiry Method

    • Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
    • Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
    • Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
    • Sampling Techniques:
      • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
      • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
    • Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
    • Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
      • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
      • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
    • Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
      • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
      • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
    • Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
    • Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

    Correlational vs Experimental Studies

    • Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
    • Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
    • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
    • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
    • Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
    • Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
    • Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
    • Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
    • Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
    • Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
    • Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
    • Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
    • Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
    • Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

    Reliability vs Validity

    • Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
    • Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

    Ethical Guidelines

    • Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
    • Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

    Introduction to Social Science

    • Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
      • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
    • Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
      • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
    • Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
      • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
    • Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
    • Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
    • Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

    The Social Science Inquiry Method

    • Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
    • Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
    • Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
    • Sampling Techniques:
      • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
      • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
    • Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
    • Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
      • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
      • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
    • Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
      • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
      • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
    • Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
    • Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

    Correlational vs Experimental Studies

    • Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
    • Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
    • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
    • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
    • Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
    • Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
    • Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
    • Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
    • Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
    • Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
    • Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
    • Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
    • Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
    • Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

    Reliability vs Validity

    • Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
    • Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

    Ethical Guidelines

    • Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
    • Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

    Introduction to Social Science

    • Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
      • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
    • Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
      • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
    • Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
      • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
    • Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
    • Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
    • Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

    The Social Science Inquiry Method

    • Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
    • Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
    • Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
    • Sampling Techniques:
      • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
      • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
    • Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
    • Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
      • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
      • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
    • Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
      • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
      • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
    • Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
    • Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

    Correlational vs Experimental Studies

    • Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
    • Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
    • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
    • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
    • Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
    • Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
    • Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
    • Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
    • Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
    • Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
    • Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
    • Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
    • Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
    • Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

    Reliability vs Validity

    • Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
    • Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

    Ethical Guidelines

    • Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
    • Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

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    Explore the foundational concepts of social science, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology. This quiz delves into the branches and questions of each discipline, providing a comprehensive overview of human behavior and social structures in various contexts.

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