Introduction to Social Science

Introduction to Social Science

• Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
  • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
• Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
  • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
• Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
  • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
• Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
• Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
• Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

The Social Science Inquiry Method

• Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
• Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
• Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
• Sampling Techniques:
  • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
• Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
• Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
  • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
  • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
• Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
  • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
  • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
• Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
• Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

• Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
• Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
• Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
• Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
• Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
• Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
• Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
• Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
• Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
• Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
• Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
• Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
• Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
• Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
• Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

• Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
• Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

• Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
• Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Introduction to Social Science

• Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
  • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
• Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
  • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
• Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
  • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
• Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
• Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
• Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

The Social Science Inquiry Method

• Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
• Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
• Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
• Sampling Techniques:
  • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
• Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
• Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
  • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
  • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
• Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
  • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
  • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
• Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
• Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

• Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
• Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
• Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
• Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
• Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
• Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
• Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
• Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
• Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
• Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
• Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
• Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
• Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
• Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
• Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

• Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
• Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

• Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
• Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Introduction to Social Science

• Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
  • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
• Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
  • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
• Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
  • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
• Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
• Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
• Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

The Social Science Inquiry Method

• Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
• Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
• Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
• Sampling Techniques:
  • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
• Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
• Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
  • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
  • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
• Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
  • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
  • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
• Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
• Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

• Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
• Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
• Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
• Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
• Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
• Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
• Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
• Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
• Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
• Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
• Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
• Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
• Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
• Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
• Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

• Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
• Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

• Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
• Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Introduction to Social Science

• Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
  • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
• Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
  • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
• Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
  • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
• Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
• Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
• Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

The Social Science Inquiry Method

• Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
• Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
• Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
• Sampling Techniques:
  • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
• Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
• Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
  • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
  • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
• Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
  • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
  • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
• Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
• Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

• Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
• Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
• Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
• Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
• Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
• Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
• Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
• Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
• Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
• Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
• Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
• Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
• Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
• Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
• Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

• Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
• Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

• Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
• Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Introduction to Social Science

• Anthropology: The study of humans, cultures, and societies across time and space.
  • Branches: Cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.
• Sociology: The study of social behavior, institutions, and structures.
  • Focus: Examines patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
• Psychology: The study of the mind and behavior.
  • Schools of Thought: Includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and evolutionary psychology.
• Anthropologist's Questions: Explore cultural norms, traditions, rituals, kinship, and social roles within different societies.
• Sociologist's Questions: Investigate social issues, interactions, inequalities, and the impact of social institutions on behavior.
• Psychologist's Questions: Delve into individual behaviors, cognitive processes, emotions, mental disorders, and the influence of environment.

The Social Science Inquiry Method

• Steps of the Inquiry Method: Identify the problem, review literature, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
• Good Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
• Operational Definition: Specifies how variables are measured or defined in a study.
• Sampling Techniques:
  • Random Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into subgroups, and samples are drawn from each.
• Methods of Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
• Primary Research: Data collected firsthand for a specific study.
  • Pros: Tailored to research question; current.
  • Cons: Time-consuming; potentially expensive.
• Secondary Research: Analyzing previously collected data.
  • Pros: Cost-effective; time-efficient.
  • Cons: May lack specificity; data may be outdated.
• Types of Observation: Participant observation, non-participant observation, and structured observations.
• Disciplinary Approaches to Data Collection: Differ in focus; anthropology often emphasizes contextual understanding, sociology focuses on social patterns, while psychology concentrates on individual behaviors.

Correlational vs Experimental Studies

• Correlational Studies: Examine relationships between variables without manipulation.
• Experimental Studies: Involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect.
• Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
• Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
• Strong Correlation Coefficient: Close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
• Weak Correlation Coefficient: Close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
• Directionality Problem: Uncertainty if variable A influences B or vice versa.
• Third Variables: Uncontrolled factors that may influence the relationship between variables.
• Key Components of Experimental Studies: Hypothesis, independent variables, dependent variables, control groups, and experimental groups.
• Control Groups: Receive no treatment or a placebo for comparison.
• Experimental Groups: Receive the treatment being tested.
• Independent Variables: Factors manipulated by the researcher.
• Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured in response to manipulation.
• Placebo: A non-active treatment used to compare against the actual treatment.
• Confounding Variables: Extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable.

Reliability vs Validity

• Types of Reliability: Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.
• Types of Validity: Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Ethical Guidelines

• Ethical experiments ensure no physical and/or psychological harm is done to participants.
• Belmont Report: A foundational document outlining ethical principles for research involving human subjects; emphasizes respect, beneficence, and justice.

Explore the foundational concepts of social science, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology. This quiz delves into the branches and questions of each discipline, providing a comprehensive overview of human behavior and social structures in various contexts.