Introduction to Sleep Regulation and ipRGCs
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Questions and Answers

What role do REM neurons play in promoting REM sleep?

  • Producing atonia seen in dreaming sleep
  • Contributing to EEG desynchronization (correct)
  • Exciting Action neurons
  • Inhibiting Arousal neurons
  • How do REM neurons interact with Action neurons?

  • REM neurons inhibit Action neurons (correct)
  • They excite each other
  • They have no interaction
  • They both promote atonia in dreaming sleep
  • Which condition is characterized by an urge to sleep during the day?

  • Cataplexy
  • Insomnia
  • Narcolepsy (correct)
  • Sleep paralysis
  • What symptom is associated with cataplexy in narcolepsy?

    <p>Loss of muscle control during waking hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be a cause of sleep disorders like insomnia according to the text?

    <p>Gross underestimation of the amount of sleep actually obtained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is associated with REM sleep behavior disorder?

    <p>Inhibition of normal paralysis during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of retinal cells are responsible for conveying irradiance information centrally via the optic nerve?

    <p>ipRGCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for releasing melatonin in response to light information from the ipRGCs?

    <p>Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the decrease in melatonin secretion as age increases?

    <p>Melanopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain waves are characteristic of being awake?

    <p>High amplitude, high frequency, irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order do the waves signaling the beginning of a dream episode travel through the brain?

    <p>LGN of thalamus → Pons → Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain is responsible for differentiating between activating and sleep states?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is associated with the basal forebrain?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain produce?

    <p>Wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area, when turned off, synchronizes the EEG?

    <p>Basal forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which sleep stage do orexin/hypocretin cell bodies in the lateral hypothalamus have low activity?

    <p>Slow wave sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus during sleep?

    <p>Inhibit movement during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurons actively promote NREM sleep and inhibit Action and Arousal neurons?

    <p>NREM neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

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