Biology of Sleep and Regulation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of hypnosis techniques?

To direct individuals towards relaxation and focus (correct)

To expose hidden memories through intense therapy

To manipulate thoughts without the subject's consent

To induce a permanent state of unconsciousness

Which theory suggests that individuals are not genuinely altered but are fulfilling social roles during hypnosis?

Dissociation Theory

Cognitive Behavioral Theory

Social-Cognitive Theory (correct)

Neurological Theory

What is the first step in the memory process according to the basic functions of memory?

Storage

Retrieval

Processing

Encoding (correct)

What does automatic processing in memory encoding typically involve?

Unconscious encoding of details like time and space Signup and view all the answers

How does effortful processing differ from automatic processing in memory encoding?

Effortful processing requires conscious effort while automatic does not Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory involves retrieving information from storage to become aware of it?

Retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following benefits is NOT commonly associated with meditation practices?

Enhanced physical strength Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of dissociation theory in the context of hypnosis?

Lack of awareness of certain mental activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of anterograde amnesia?

Inability to form new explicit memories Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is most likely preserved in a person with severe amnesia after hippocampus removal?

Implicit memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines retrograde amnesia?

Loss of memory for events occurring prior to the trauma Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the effects of external misinformation leading to a false memory?

Misinformation effect Signup and view all the answers

How do strong emotional experiences affect memory retention according to Arousal Theory?

They trigger release of neurotransmitters that strengthen memory Signup and view all the answers

Why can eyewitness testimonies be unreliable?

They can be influenced by suggestibility Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory is primarily altered during the reconstruction process?

The original memory itself Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario represents a common type of forgetting?

Inability to recall a song learned years ago Signup and view all the answers

What is the average amount of sleep recommended for adults each night?

7-9 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is primarily associated with dreaming?

REM Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes NREM Stage 2 of sleep?

The onset of deep relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests dreams help us process daily experiences and regulate emotions?

Information Processing Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves multiple interruptions of breathing during sleep?

Sleep Apnea Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle activity during REM sleep?

Voluntary muscles are temporarily paralyzed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sleep debt?

Chronic deprivation of sleep over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Restorative Theory of sleep?

Physical health restoration Signup and view all the answers

What do K-complexes in NREM Stage 2 signify?

Very high amplitudes of brain activity Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of sleep do infants spend half of their sleep time?

REM Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What type of interference occurs when newer information hinders the retrieval of older information?

Retroactive Interference Signup and view all the answers

What process involves consciously repeating information to enhance memory?

Simple Rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

How can memory be improved through the organization of information into units?

Chunking Signup and view all the answers

What are memory aids that help organize information for encoding called?

Mnemonics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an instinctive behavior?

Involves the whole organism Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is least effective for enhancing memory retention?

Cramming Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between reflexes and instincts?

Instincts involve higher cognitive functions. Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves connecting new information to existing knowledge to improve memory transfer?

Elaborative Rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What does associative learning involve?

Making connections between stimuli or events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of associative learning?

Experiential conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

The food presented to the dog Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is salivation in response to food considered?

Reflexive response Signup and view all the answers

During the conditioning process, what role does the neutral stimulus (NS) play?

It does not elicit a reaction until paired with the unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of responses organisms have to their environment according to Pavlov?

Unconditioned and conditioned responses Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the role of classical conditioning in learning?

It is associated with reflexive behaviors through stimulus association Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response (UCR) in Pavlov's findings?

UCS elicits a natural reaction called UCR Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sleep

All species sleep but the duration varies.
Humans are the only species that will intentionally deprive themselves of sleep.
Sleep is one of the last biological mysteries to be solved.

Sleep Regulation

The brain controls switching between sleep and wakefulness and coordinates this cycle with the external environment.
Jet lag, sleep disorders, and rotating shifts can disrupt sleep regulation.
"Sleep debt" or "sleep insufficiency" results from chronically not getting enough sleep.
"Sleep Rebound" is the tendency to fall asleep faster and for a longer duration when sleep deprived.

How much sleep do we need

Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night, on average.
Sleep quality is as important as sleep quantity.

Why We Sleep - Evolutionary Adaptation

Sleep evolved as an adaptive response to avoid predators during periods of darkness.
Sleep is necessary to restore energy resources used during the day.

Why We Sleep - Cognitive Restoration

Sleep supports physical health restoration by replenishing chemicals and repairing cellular damage.
Sleep supports mental health functioning by improving attention, decision making, and emotional regulation.

Stages of Sleep - REM Sleep

REM sleep is a stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids.
Brain waves appear similar to those during wakefulness.
Dreams occur during REM sleep.

Stages of Sleep - Non-REM Sleep

All stages of sleep that are not REM sleep are classified as Non-REM sleep.
Distinctive brainwave activity characterizes each stage of NREM sleep.

Brainwaves during sleep

Brainwave activity changes dramatically across different stages of sleep.

NREM Stage 1

A transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep.
Respiration and heart rate slow.
Muscle tension and core body temperature decrease.
It is considered "light sleep".
Mostly Alpha waves are present.
Easy to wake someone up in this stage.

NREM Stage 2

Deep relaxation occurs.
Characterized by Theta waves.
Sleep spindles (rapid burst of high frequency brainwaves) and k-complexes (high amplitude brain activity) are present.
This stage is important for learning and memory.

NREM Stage 3

Also known as "slow-wave sleep".
Respiration and heart rate slow further.
It is considered "deep sleep".
Delta waves are present.
Difficult to wake someone up in this stage.
Important for learning and memory.

REM Sleep

Rapid eye movements occur.
Voluntary muscle paralysis.
Brain waves are similar to those seen during wakefulness.
Dreams occur during REM sleep.
Important for emotional regulation and creating new synapses which are involved in learning and memory.
Infants spend half of their sleep time in REM sleep.

Stages of Sleep - Cycles

The four to six sleep cycles per night are approximately 90-110 minutes each.
The depth of sleep fluctuates during each sleep cycle.

Dreams

We spend approximately six years of our lives dreaming.
We dream approximately 10,000 dreams in a lifetime.
Dreams often reflect real-life worries, hopes, and desires.

Theories about Dreams

Wish Fulfillment Theory
- Proposed by Freud, dreams allow us to fulfill forbidden or unrealistic wishes.
- Dream content may be disguised.
- Manifest content: The actual dream content.
- Latent content: The true meaning of the dream.
Information Processing Theory
- Proposed by Rosalind Cartwright.
- Dreams reflect daily life events that are important to us.
- Dreams help us process and sift through everyday experiences and thoughts.
- Dreams help us regulate emotions.
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
- Proposed by Alan Hobson.
- Dreams are a result of the brain imposing narrative explanations to explain random brain activity.
- The cerebral cortex tries to make sense of random brain stimulation from the pons (brainstem).

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia: Difficultly falling or staying asleep.
Sleep Apnea: Multiple bursts of not breathing during sleep (potential genetic component).
Narcolepsy: Sudden slip into REM sleep.
Night Terrors: Experiences of extreme fear, panic and screaming.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: The mechanism that blocks movement of voluntary muscles during REM sleep fails.
- People may act out their dreams.

Hypnosis

A state of heightened suggestibility.
Guided to focus on one thing.
Made comfortable and directed to relax or feel sleepy.
Encouraged to be open to the process, trusting and to use their imagination.

Theories of Hypnosis

Dissociation Theory: Divided consciousness.
- One stream of mental activity occurs outside of awareness and control.
- Example: Not remembering driving a car.
Social-Cognitive Theory: Acting out the perceived expectations of the situation.
- Not an altered or dissociative state, but fulfilling social expectations.

Meditation

Focusing on a single target to increase awareness and mindfulness of the present moment.
Achieves a state of relaxed awareness and focus.
Meditative techniques have roots in religious practices.
Benefits include improved stress management, sleep, mood, anxiety, and pain.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of sleep through this quiz that covers its biological mysteries, regulation mechanisms, and evolutionary significance. Understand how sleep impacts human health, challenges like sleep debt, and why quality is as vital as quantity in getting restorative sleep.