Muscle Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

  • Pull bones for movement (correct)
  • Hold bones in place
  • Push bones for movement
  • Contract to extend the arm

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

  • Contains interconnected cells
  • Always has a smooth appearance
  • Cannot be consciously controlled
  • Striated appearance under the microscope (correct)

    • Why do you need antagonistic muscle pairs for certain movements?

  • To allow for faster movement
  • To push and pull simultaneously
  • To perform opposite actions effectively (correct)
  • To prevent muscle fatigue

    • What is the role of tendons in skeletal muscle structure?

    <p>Attach muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is skeletal muscle considered voluntary?

    <p>It can be consciously controlled by the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating voluntary control of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Primary motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is used by lower somatic motor neurons to communicate with skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure influences learned reflexes and reflexive movements in skeletal muscle regulation?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involuntary regulation of skeletal muscle can involve which type of neurons?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is important for inhibitory responses in skeletal muscle regulation?

    <p>Basal nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex involves sensory neurons responding to muscle spindle apparatus stretching?

    <p>Stretch reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of neurons decussate in the medulla oblongata to control the opposite side of the body when regulating voluntary movement?

    <p>Upper motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscle can be regulated by both lower and upper somatic motor neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflexes such as stretch reflexes always involve voluntary muscle contractions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum plays a role in controlling innate involuntary reflexes like the knee-jerk reflex.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basal nuclei are primarily responsible for activating skeletal muscle responses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voluntary control of skeletal muscle is independent of sensory input from the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involuntary regulation of skeletal muscle never involves sensory neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axons from lower somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine to communicate with skeletal muscle cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the T tubules in muscle cells?

    <p>Carry action potentials deep into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of regulatory proteins like tropomyosin and troponin in muscle contraction?

    <p>Regulate the binding of myosin to actin in response to calcium binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of sarcomeres in muscle function?

    <p>They are the sites where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do muscle fibers contain multiple nuclei?

    <p>Due to fusion of separate cells during development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sarcolemma in muscle cells?

    <p>Facilitate communication with motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do actin and myosin filaments contribute to muscle contraction?

    <p>They slide past each other without shortening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is specialized for storing calcium in muscle cells?

    <p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle fibers are composed of bundles of myofibrils, which are responsible for muscle contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sarcolemma of a muscle cell contains structures like the motor end plate for communication with smooth muscle cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of separate cells during development results in muscle fibers having a single nucleus each.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other during muscle contraction leads to the lengthening of sarcomeres.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tropomyosin and troponin are regulatory proteins in muscle contraction that respond to sodium binding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarcomeres, the smallest units of contraction, are not crucial for muscle function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells is specialized for storing potassium instead of calcium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in muscle contraction?

    <p>Breaking down acetylcholine to allow relaxation by terminating stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calcium in muscle contraction?

    <p>Shifting tropomyosin to expose the actin binding site for myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires the breakdown of ATP during muscle contraction?

    <p>Formation of the cross bridge between myosin and actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes depolarization of the sarcolemma during excitation-contraction coupling?

    <p>Traveling of action potential down the T-tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for shifting tropomyosin to allow myosin binding with actin?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of T-tubules in muscle contraction?

    <p>Allowing action potentials to reach deep into the muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ATP considered crucial for muscle contraction and relaxation processes?

    <p>To power myosin movement, break cross bridges, and pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle contraction strength can be influenced by muscle fiber thickness, initial muscle fiber length, and the number of motor units activated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle contraction strength is solely determined by the weight being lifted during graded contractions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recruitment involves activating fewer and smaller motor units to achieve a stronger muscle contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance training can increase muscle fiber strength by producing more myosin and actin filaments within muscle fibers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The length-tension relationship in muscle fibers refers to the ideal resting length with minimal overlap between actin and myosin for maximum strength.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antagonistic muscle contractions occur when a heavy object causes a muscle to shorten.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing muscle contraction strength?

    <p>Number of motor units activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of recruitment in muscle contractions?

    <p>Activating more and larger motor units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of resistance training increases muscle fiber strength?

    <p>Producing more actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the length-tension relationship in muscle fibers refer to?

    <p>Optimal resting length for maximal contraction strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do motor units influence muscle strength?

    <p>By activating more and larger units when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of fast glycolytic muscle fibers?

    <p>Reliance on anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of athletes would benefit the most from fast glycolytic muscle fibers?

    <p>Sprinters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of endurance activities on muscle tissue?

    <p>More mitochondria in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does atrophy occur in muscles?

    <p>Lack of exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does resistance training primarily affect muscle size?

    <p>Through muscle hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor leads to an increase in blood vessels in muscles?

    <p>Endurance activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do satellite cells play in muscle repair and regeneration?

    <p>Dividing rapidly to form new muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Slow oxidative fibers contain fewer mitochondria compared to fast glycolytic fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endurance athletes like weightlifters benefit more from fast glycolytic fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance training leads to more muscle hypertrophy than endurance activities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in the number of muscle fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exercising can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Healthy muscle fibers can divide to repair muscle damage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrophy can occur due to consistent physical activity throughout life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endurance activities primarily strengthen skeletal muscle by increasing muscle size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of muscle are cells interconnected by gap junctions for coordination?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle has built-in tone and pacesetter cells?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle requires external stimulation from somatic motor neurons?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is found in hollow internal organs?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is characterized by being both striated and involuntary?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

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