Introduction to Science

Branches of Science:
- Natural Sciences: biology, chemistry, physics, earth sciences
- Formal Sciences: mathematics, logic, statistics
- Applied Sciences: engineering, medicine, technology
Scientific Method:
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Data analysis
5. Conclusion
Key Concepts:
- Cells: basic units of life
- DNA: genetic material
- Evolution: change in species over time
- Gravity: force of attraction between objects

Continents:
1. Africa
2. Antarctica
3. Asia
4. Australia
5. Europe
6. North America
7. South America
Types of Maps:
- Political maps: show country boundaries
- Physical maps: show natural features
- Topographic maps: show relief and elevation
Key Features:
- Mountains: highest point (Mount Everest)
- Oceans: largest (Pacific Ocean)
- Rivers: longest (Nile River)

Types of Computers:
1. Desktops
2. Laptops
3. Tablets
4. Smartphones
Internet:
- World Wide Web (WWW)
- Internet Protocol (IP)
- Domain Name System (DNS)
Key Concepts:
- Algorithm: set of instructions
- Cloud Computing: remote storage and processing
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): machine learning

Types of Culture:
1. High culture: elite, refined culture
2. Popular culture: mass, mainstream culture
3. Folk culture: traditional, local culture
Forms of Art:
1. Music
2. Dance
3. Visual Arts (painting, sculpture, etc.)
4. Literature (novels, poetry, etc.)
Key Concepts:
- Identity: individual and group identity
- Diversity: cultural differences and similarities
- Globalization: cultural exchange and influence

Timeline:
- Ancient Era (3000 BCE - 500 CE)
- Middle Ages (500 - 1500 CE)
- Early Modern Era (1500 - 1800 CE)
- Modern Era (1800 CE - present)
Key Events:
- Industrial Revolution (18th - 19th centuries)
- World War I (1914 - 1918)
- World War II (1939 - 1945)
Key Figures:
- Ancient: Socrates, Alexander the Great
- Modern: Albert Einstein, Martin Luther King Jr.

Natural Sciences include biology, chemistry, physics, and earth sciences, which study the natural world.
Formal Sciences encompass mathematics, logic, and statistics, which focus on abstract structures and methods.
Applied Sciences involve engineering, medicine, and technology, which apply scientific knowledge to practical problems.
The Scientific Method involves:
- Observation: noticing patterns and phenomena.
- Hypothesis: forming a tentative explanation.
- Experimentation: testing the hypothesis.
- Data Analysis: interpreting results.
- Conclusion: drawing a inference.
Key concepts in science include:
- Cells: the basic units of life, which make up all living organisms.
- DNA: the genetic material that contains instructions for an organism's development and function.
- Evolution: the change in species over time, driven by natural selection and genetic variation.
- Gravity: the force of attraction between objects, which shapes the universe.

There are 7 continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
Maps can be categorized into:
- Political maps: showing country boundaries and human-made features.
- Physical maps: highlighting natural features like mountains, rivers, and oceans.
- Topographic maps: displaying relief and elevation.
Key geographical features include:
- Mountains: with the highest point being Mount Everest.
- Oceans: with the largest being the Pacific Ocean.
- Rivers: with the longest being the Nile River.

Computers come in various forms, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
The Internet consists of:
- World Wide Web (WWW): a system of interlinked hypertext documents.
- Internet Protocol (IP): a set of rules governing data transmission.
- Domain Name System (DNS): translating domain names to IP addresses.
Key technology concepts include:
- Algorithms: sets of instructions for solving problems or performing tasks.
- Cloud Computing: remote storage and processing of data.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): machine learning and autonomous systems.

Culture can be categorized into:
- High culture: elite, refined culture often associated with the wealthy.
- Popular culture: mass, mainstream culture enjoyed by the general population.
- Folk culture: traditional, local culture often passed down through generations.
Forms of Art include:
- Music: sound and silence combined to create an aesthetic experience.
- Dance: movement and expression of the human body.
- Visual Arts: painting, sculpture, and other forms of visual expression.
- Literature: written works such as novels, poetry, and drama.
Key cultural concepts include:
- Identity: individual and group identity shaped by culture, language, and experience.
- Diversity: cultural differences and similarities that enrich society.
- Globalization: cultural exchange and influence in the modern world.

The Timeline of human history can be divided into:
- Ancient Era (3000 BCE - 500 CE): the rise of civilizations and empires.
- Middle Ages (500 - 1500 CE): the fall of empires and the rise of feudalism.
- Early Modern Era (1500 - 1800 CE): the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and colonialism.
- Modern Era (1800 CE - present): industrialization, nationalism, and globalization.
Key historical events include:
- Industrial Revolution (18th - 19th centuries): the transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing.
- World War I (1914 - 1918): a global conflict that shaped the 20th century.
- World War II (1939 - 1945): a global conflict that led to the formation of the United Nations.
Key historical figures include:
- Ancient thinkers like Socrates and Alexander the Great.
- Modern influential figures like Albert Einstein and Martin Luther King Jr..