Introduction to Science

Study Notes

Introduction to Science

Science is a systematic process of acquiring knowledge about the natural world.
It involves observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning to understand how things work.
Science relies on evidence-based reasoning and empirical data.
Scientific knowledge is constantly being refined and updated as new evidence emerges.

Branches of Science

Natural sciences study the natural world and its phenomena.
- Physics: Studies matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry: Studies the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
- Biology: Studies living organisms and their interactions.
- Earth science: Studies the Earth, its composition, processes, and history.
- Astronomy: Studies the universe, including stars, planets, and galaxies.
Social sciences study human behavior and society.
- Psychology: Studies the human mind and behavior.
- Sociology: Studies human social behavior and interaction.
- Economics: Studies how individuals and groups allocate scarce resources.
- Political science: Studies government and political systems.
- Anthropology: Studies human origins, cultures, and societies.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to understanding the natural world.
- Observation: Recognizing a need to understand something.
- Question: Formulating a question about an observation.
- Hypothesis: Proposing a possible explanation for the question.
- Prediction: Making a testable statement about the expected outcome.
- Experiment: Testing the prediction in a controlled manner.
  - Variables: Factors that can be controlled and measured.
  - Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated.
  - Dependent variable: The variable that is measured.
  - Control: A standard against which results are compared.
- Analysis: Interpreting the results from the experiment.
- Conclusion: Determining whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected.
- Communication: Sharing results with others for verification and further study.

Scientific Theories and Laws

Theories: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world.
- Based on a large body of evidence.
- Supported by multiple lines of investigation.
Laws: Statements based on observed behavior that are consistent across many experiments.
- Often concise mathematical expressions.
- Summarize observed patterns but don't explain why they occur.

Scientific Process

Often iterative, with modifications and adjustments based on new data.
Driven by curiosity and the desire to understand.
Employs critical and logical thought.
Involves peer review to ensure accuracy and validity.

Characteristics of Good Science

Reliability: Consistent results when repeated.
Validity: Measures what it intends to measure.
Objectivity: Free from bias.
Reproducibility: Others can perform the experiment and get similar results.
Transparency: Clear explanation of methods and data.
Openness: Willingness to share data and methods.

Ethical Considerations in Science

Animal welfare and research standards.
Human subjects' rights and safety protocols.
Use of scientific knowledge for benefiting society.
Understanding the potential risks and harms of scientific advancements. Minimizing harm is important.

Description

This quiz explores the foundational concepts of science, covering its definition, processes, and branches. Participants will learn about natural sciences like physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science, as well as social sciences like psychology and sociology. Test your knowledge about how science shapes our understanding of the world.