Introduction to Science Fields

Direct relationship

Dependent variable

Law

Conceptual model

Second

Acceleration

Inverse relationship

$\text{Speed}$

Physical changes involve a change in appearance without a change in chemical composition, whereas chemical changes involve a change in chemical composition.

It results from the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another.

Stratosphere

The number of protons in its nucleus.

Electrical conductivity

Valence electrons

Pure substances contain only one type of atom, while mixtures have multiple types of atoms.

Valence electrons contribute to the formation of chemical bonds.

Newton's first law

Elastic collision

Work = force × displacement

Thermal energy

The oscillation is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling

Fluid resistance

Elastic potential energy

Electromagnetic waves

A tectonic plate boundary where the plates are grinding past each other, causing quakes but almost no volcanoes

Causes deep ocean trenches and continental volcanic mountain ranges, as well as large quakes

Thermosphere

The circulation or movement of a liquid or gas

A front where cold air moves in under a warm air mass

An area of dense air that sinks and warms, develops in cold areas, and removes clouds

Infiltration

When one tectonic plate sinks into the mantle below another plate

It witnessed the greatest diversification of life on Earth

The exfoliation of rocks due to temperature changes

It can be used to determine the absolute ages of rock layers

They are made up of weathered particles that have been cemented together

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

They are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

It can be used to determine the absolute ages of rock layers

Friction

Newton's first law

$work = force \times displacement$

Kinetic energy

Elastic collision

Oscillation

Is based solely on theoretical concepts

Inverse relationship

Theoretical model

Advection

Distance traveled divided by an interval of time

Speed

Friction

Influence the element's color

Thermosphere

A tectonic plate boundary where plates are grinding past each other, causing quakes but almost no volcanoes

Principle of Inertia

Infiltration

Leads to tall mountain ranges without volcanoes but large earthquakes

Strong attraction between oppositely charged ions

Plate tectonics theory

Gravitational collapse of nebulae

Formed through extreme heat and pressure

Convection

Extinction of non-avian dinosaurs

Radiation

Applies to igneous and metamorphic rocks

Convection currents in the Earth's mantle

Diversification of complex multicellular life

Covalent bond

Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Thermosphere

Metallic bond

Ductility

Metalloids

Trough

Chemical bonds

nuclear fusion = Process where hydrogen and other nuclei fuse together into larger nuclei outer core = Outer half of the Earth's core. Made of mostly molten iron igneous rocks = Rocks formed by lava or magma rock cycle = Name for the various processes that change rocks from one form to another

nebula = A cloud of gasses and particles inner core = Inner half of the Earth's core. Made of solid nickel-iron sedimentary rocks = Rocks made up of weathered particles that have been cemented together into hard rock meanders = Curves in a river formed by eroding the outer bank and depositing sediment on the inner bank

star = Celestial body that is held together by its own gravity and releases light generated by nuclear fusion galaxy = A collection of hundreds of billions of stars clustered together by gravity moon = A naturally formed object that orbits a planet comets = Relatively small, icy, dusty bodies that travel around the sun in very elliptical orbits

physical weathering = Weathering resulting from mechanical processes chemical weathering = Weathering resulting from chemical processes erosion = The mechanism responsible for the transportation or removal of material deposition = The process in which soil, sediment, or rocks are added to a landform

crust = Thin, outermost rocky shell at the surface of the earth mantle = Thickest layer of the Earth made of hot, solid rock, 84% of volume of the planet outer core = Outer half of the Earth's core. Made of mostly molten iron inner core = Inner half of the Earth's core. Made of solid nickel-iron

Precambrian Era = Era consisting of Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons Paleozoic era = Era consisting of greatest diversification of life on earth Mesozoic era = Era when the dinosaurs thrived Cenozoic era = Current era, the age of mammals

Derived units = What is produced when the base units/quantities are combined Volume = Term for the amount of space an object occupies Speed = The name for the distance traveled divided by an interval of time Acceleration = Term for any change in an object's speed and/or direction

Physical model = A model of a physical phenomenon, such as a planetary system Conceptual model = A model used to visualize things that cannot be seen, such as atoms Mathematical model = A model that treats physical objects/phenomena using mathematical methods Computer model = A detailed, complex model calculated by a computer

Direct relationship = A relationship between two variables where increasing one increases the other, and vice versa Inverse relationship = A relationship between two variables where increasing one decreases the other, and vice versa Observational study = When systems are observed as they appear in nature, researchers do not attempt to change them Liquid displacement = Method of determining the volume of an object by measuring the amount of liquid it displaces

Principle of falsification = Principle that only falsifiable statements can be subject to scientific inquiry Hypothesis = A testable statement about how something in nature works Law = A concise statement that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments, describes a widespread pattern in nature (what) Theory = A statement that explains a wide range of observations, supported by a large body of scientific evidence (how/why)

Meter = Base unit of length Kilogram = Base unit of mass Second = Base unit of time Kelvin = Base unit of temperature

Force = Term for a push or a pull with direction and magnitude Velocity = A combination of speed and direction Law of motion = Which law states that an object in motion remains in motion unless acted on by a net force? Kinetic energy = Which type of energy is associated with the motion of atoms and molecules, and depends on the mass and temperature of an object?

Troposphere = The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs Stratosphere = The second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, contains the ozone layer Mesosphere = The layer of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, where meteors burn up Thermosphere = The atmospheric layer above the mesosphere, where auroras happen and the ISS flies

Convergent boundary = A tectonic plate boundary where the plates push into each other, causing large quakes Divergent boundary = A tectonic plate boundary where the plates are separating, with volcanoes and few, weak quakes Transform boundary = A tectonic plate boundary where the plates are grinding past each other, causing quakes but almost no volcanoes Subduction = When one tectonic plate sinks into the mantle below another plate

Transpiration = Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant Infiltration = Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface Groundwater = Water that is in the ground Runoff = Water that is not soaked into the ground

High pressure system (anticyclone) = An area of dense air that sinks and warms, develops in cold areas, and removes clouds (hot day/cold night) Low pressure system (depression) = An area of less dense air that rises and cools, develops in warm areas, and creates clouds (mild day/night) Front = A boundary between two or more air masses Warm front = A front along which a warm air mass moves over a mass of cooler air

Unconformity = Buried erosional surface, suggesting a lack of information Oceanic to continental boundary = A convergent boundary between a seafloor plate and continental plate, causing deep ocean trenches and continental volcanic mountain ranges, large quakes Oceanic to oceanic boundary = A convergent boundary between two seafloor plates, causing volcanic islands and large earthquakes Continental to continental boundary = A convergent boundary between two continental plates with no subduction, causing tall mountain ranges with no volcanoes but large earthquakes

Convection = The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas Convection cell = A circular pattern of rising warm air and sinking cool air Air mass = Large body of air with the same temperature, humidity, and pressure Exosphere = The last layer of the atmosphere, beyond which exists a vacuum

Inertia = The tenancy to keep the same motion/velocity or remain at rest. Friction = The force that opposes the motion of an object on which it acts Oscillation = A repetitive motion that occurs around a center point or equilibrium Equilibrium = A position or state to which an oscillating object eventually returns to

Elastic collision = A collision in which the total kinetic energy is conserved Inelastic collision = A collision in which the total kinetic energy is not conserved Perfectly inelastic collision = A type of inelastic collision where the two objects stick together after impact Completely inelastic collision = Another term for perfectly inelastic collision

Kinetic energy = The energy objects have because they are moving. Increases with mass and velocity Potential energy = Energy that is stored Gravitational potential energy = Energy an object has due to its height above the ground. Increases with mass and height. Chemical potential energy = Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds in a substance

Transverse wave = Wave where the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling Longitudinal wave = Wave where the oscillation occurs along the direction the wave is traveling Mechanical waves = Type of waves that require a medium (air, water, etc.) to travel through, cannot travel through a vacuum Electromagnetic waves = Waves with both an electric and magnetic component

Newton's first law = An object in motion remains in motion unless acted on by a net force Newton's second law = Net force = mass x acceleration (F = ma) Newton's third law = When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force of the same magnitude in the opposite direction on the first object ('For every action, an equal and opposite reaction') Law of conservation of momentum = Term for the fact that momentum is conserved when two or more objects collide

Linear momentum = Name for the mass of an object times its velocity Work = Term for the displacement of an object in the direction of an applied force by using/converting energy Energy = The capacity to do work or cause change Elasticity = The amount of bounce an object has after a collision

Fluid resistance = Friction when an object moves through a gas or liquid Kinetic friction = Friction between two objects moving against each other Static friction = Friction between two objects touching but not moving against each other Air resistance = Resistance encountered by objects as they move through air

Law of conservation of energy = Term for the fact that energy cannot be created/destroyed, only transferred/converted Law of conservation of momentum = Term for the fact that momentum is conserved when two or more objects collide Oscillation = A repetitive motion that occurs around a center point or equilibrium Equilibrium = A position or state to which an oscillating object eventually returns to

Gravitational potential energy = Energy an object has due to its height above the ground. Increases with mass and height. Chemical potential energy = Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds in a substance Elastic potential energy = Energy stored in stretched springs, rubber bands, etc. Electromagnetic energy = Energy carried by electromagnetic waves. Light energy.

Mechanical waves = Type of waves that require a medium (air, water, etc.) to travel through, cannot travel through a vacuum Transverse wave = Wave where the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling Longitudinal wave = Wave where the oscillation occurs along the direction the wave is traveling Electromagnetic waves = Waves with both an electric and magnetic component

Crest = The highest point in a wave above equilibrium Trough = The lowest point in a wave under equilibrium Amplitude = The distance between a wave's equilibrium and crest/trough in a transverse wave Wavelength = The horizontal distance after which the wave repeats

Valence Electrons = The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom Element = A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, defined by its proton count Atomic Number = The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Chemical Bonds = The attractive forces that hold atoms together

Troposphere = The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere where weather occurs Stratosphere = The layer above the troposphere; the ozone layer is found in this layer, planes fly here Mesosphere = The layer of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere where meteors burn up Thermosphere = The atmospheric layer above the mesosphere where auroras occur, ISS orbits here

Physical Change = When matter changes in appearance without changing in chemical composition Chemical Change = When matter changes in chemical composition Chemical Reaction = When chemical bonds are formed/broken in a chemical change Reactants = The substances present before a chemical reaction begins

Ion = An atom with a net electric charge (i.e., not neutral) Ionic Bond = Chemical bond formed between a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom, where a valence electron is given from one to the other Covalent Bond = Bond formed between atoms that share valence electrons Metallic Bond = Bond formed between atoms of metals using an electron sea where valence electrons move about freely

Period = Name for a row in the periodic table Group = Name for a column in the periodic table Family = Name for elements in the same group of the periodic table that have the same number of valence electrons Metals = Term for elements that tend to lose electrons

Malleability = The ability to be shaped by pounding without breaking apart Ductility = The ability to be stretched into wire Nonmetals = Term for elements with electrons very tightly associated with the nucleus Metalloids = Term for elements that are shiny like metal but have intermediate electrical conductivity

Sedimentary Rocks = A rock type formed by accumulation and compression of sediments over time Igneous Rocks = A rock type formed from solidification of molten rock (magma/lava) Metamorphic Rocks = A rock type formed from existing rocks under high heat and pressure conditions. Physical Weathering = Process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition.

Kinetic Energy = Energy associated with motion. Potential Energy = Energy stored within an object due to its position or state. Mechanical Energy = Sum of kinetic and potential energy in a system. Thermal Energy = Energy associated with heat.

Macroscopic Properties = The properties observed when a large number of particles interact. Microscopic Properties = Properties at the small scale, such as properties of atoms and molecules. Ionic Compound = Compounds formed via ionic bonds, usually a combination of a metal and one or more non-metals. Covalent Compound = Compounds formed via covalent bonds, sharing electrons between atoms.

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