Introduction to Science and Technology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of critical thinking?

  • Forming reliable conclusions
  • Reasoning logically
  • Seeking relevant information
  • Blindly accepting all information as true (correct)

How do scientists contribute to public affairs, according to the text?

  • By advocating for specific political agendas
  • By serving as experts and providing reliable information (correct)
  • By conducting research in their specialized fields
  • By directly influencing government policies

What is the main reason why scientists need to be careful about expressing their opinions?

  • To ensure that their opinions are always consistent with scientific evidence
  • To avoid contradicting other scientists' opinions
  • To maintain their neutrality and avoid influencing public opinion
  • To prevent their opinions from being misinterpreted by the public (correct)

What is the relationship between critical thinking and scientific thinking?

<p>Critical thinking is a broader concept that encompasses scientific thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important outcome of critical thinking, as described in the text?

<p>Forming reliable and trustworthy conclusions about the world (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which thinking style is characterized by the ability to generate new and innovative ideas?

<p>Creative thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of thinking emphasizes the use of verifiable and objective evidence?

<p>Comprehensible thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these thinking styles is primarily concerned with the acceptance of knowledge based on authority without questioning?

<p>Authoritarian thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thinking is typically considered harmful at a scientific level due to its resistance to new knowledge?

<p>Close-minded thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of quantitative thinking?

<p>Utilization of mathematical or numerical data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which thinking style is described as having resistance to change and new knowledge?

<p>Dogmatic thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Critical thinking can be learned best through which of the following methods?

<p>Formal education from parents or teachers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following styles of thinking is notably absent in critical thinking practices?

<p>Wishful thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using peer reviewers in scientific practices?

<p>To ensure the credibility and quality of scientific contributions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists typically approach discussions or arguments?

<p>They focus on the improvement of ideas through robust argumentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for a research proposal to be approved in the scientific community?

<p>It must have a meticulously designed methodology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'originality' refer to in scientific research?

<p>Creating unique solutions and exploring the unknown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do scientific seminars and workshops play in the scientific community?

<p>They help share knowledge and refine ideas collaboratively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are discoveries generally made in the scientific field?

<p>Following structured processes and systematic investigations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about scientific discussions?

<p>They often prioritize which scientist wins the argument (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided in scientific discussions according to proper etiquette?

<p>Personal attacks or aggressive behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common impact of small technologies that may not be immediately apparent?

<p>They can contribute significantly to global warming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complicates the process of predicting side effects of technologies?

<p>The complexity and potential unreliability of risk definitions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 'fail-safe' systems?

<p>They aim to prevent failures in technologies with serious consequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the possibility of technological failures be reduced?

<p>By collecting more data and conducting thorough simulations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of human technological advancement?

<p>Increased pollution and risks to other species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the environmental issues related to human dependency on technology?

<p>Exploitation of nonrenewable energy sources such as coal and petroleum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend in species populations in relation to human population growth?

<p>The number of species is decreasing while human population rapidly grows. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief is suggested about human intelligence and technological problems?

<p>Human intelligence will eventually provide solutions to technological challenges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental characteristic of scientific outcomes?

<p>They are universally applicable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential in the process of scientific inquiry?

<p>Creative thinking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the plasticity of thought in science refer to?

<p>The acceptance of new theories after disproof. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome of scientific processes is indicated by the term 'tentative'?

<p>Scientific ideas can evolve or change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does science perceive dogmatism?

<p>It rejects dogmatism as a concept. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of scientific inquiry?

<p>Assumption of unchangeable truths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'scientific knowledge is durable' imply?

<p>Scientific knowledge tends to be stable over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of continuous testing in science?

<p>To challenge and potentially revise scientific conclusions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to improving creative ability?

<p>Disinterest in creative methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step toward enhancing creative ability?

<p>Improving your attitude about creative problem solving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does talking things over with others facilitate creativity?

<p>It stimulates personal thinking through discussion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keeping an open mind is particularly important in which aspect of creativity?

<p>Identifying and evaluating unlikely interpretations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which creativity stimulator involves generating ideas about what not to do?

<p>Negative brainstorming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for group problem-solving according to the provided content?

<p>Brainstorming as a key technique (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attitude is considered a creativity inhibitor?

<p>Dismissing creative problem solving as unimportant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of talking to others about ideas?

<p>It encourages additional perspectives and thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Advisory Role of Scientists

Scientists help society differentiate facts from opinions and assess truth.

Critical Thinking

The ability to think clearly and rationally about what to believe or do.

Scientific Method

A systematic process for gathering knowledge through experiments and observations.

Reliable Conclusions

Conclusions based on relevant information and logical reasoning.

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Ethical Life through Critical Thinking

Practicing critical thinking leads to a successful and fulfilling life.

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Rational Thinking

Logical reasoning based on sound principles.

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Empirical Thinking

Relying on observable and measurable evidence.

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Creative Thinking

Generating innovative and unique ideas or solutions.

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Reflective Thinking

Revising and reassessing the basis of beliefs.

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Illogical Thinking

Making conclusions without sound reasoning.

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Dogmatic Thinking

Resisting change or new information due to rigid beliefs.

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Quantitative Thinking

Describing phenomena using measurable terms.

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Creative Ability

The capability to generate innovative ideas and solutions.

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Creativity Stimulants

Methods used to enhance creative thinking and problem solving.

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Positive Attitude

An optimistic mindset towards creative problem solving.

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Talking Things Over

Discussing ideas with others to stimulate thought.

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Keeping an Open Mind

The practice of considering all viewpoints and ideas.

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Brainstorming

A group technique to generate creative solutions.

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Negative Brainstorming

Identifying ways not to achieve a goal to find solutions by reversal.

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Creativity Inhibitor

Factors or attitudes that block creative thinking.

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What is Science?

A systematic way of understanding the natural world.

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Key Process of Science

It involves observation, hypothesis, testing, and peer review.

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Universal Outcomes

Scientific outcomes apply universally across the cosmos.

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Tentative Nature

Scientific ideas are subject to change and revision.

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Plasticity of Thought

The ability of science to adapt and correct itself.

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Rejection of Dogmatism

Science allows false theories to be replaced by new ones.

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Durability of Scientific Knowledge

Scientific conclusions are reliable but not infallible.

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Contribution of Values

Curiosity, creativity, and imagination fuel scientific progress.

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Cumulative effects

The total impact of small technological side effects over time, often significant.

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Risk analysis

A systematic method to identify and evaluate potential risks in technology.

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Fail-safe systems

Designs aimed to prevent catastrophic outcomes from technological failures.

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Human influence on technology

The ability of humans to shape technology and its future impact on nature.

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Advantages of technology

Benefits such as easier access to goods, services, and improved comfort.

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Disadvantages of technology

New risks posed by technological advancements, like pollution and habitat loss.

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Nonrenewable energy

Energy sources like petroleum and coal that cannot be replenished easily.

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Species decline

The reduction in numbers of various species due to human impact.

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Scientific seminars

Meetings for sharing scientific knowledge and research.

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Peer reviewers

Scientists who evaluate each other's work for quality.

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Scientific discussion etiquette

Rules to maintain professionalism in scientific debates.

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Systematic work

A methodical approach to scientific research and discovery.

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Eureka moment

A sudden, unexpected discovery in science.

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Research proposals

Plans submitted for scientific projects requiring approval.

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Originality in science

The pursuit of new and unique ideas in research.

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Common knowledge effect

The benefit gained from sharing and discussing ideas.

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Study Notes

What is Science?

  • Science is a specific way of understanding the natural world.
  • It's a systematic process for creating knowledge.
  • This process includes observation, defining problems, forming hypotheses, testing continuously, and peer review.
  • Science uses human values like curiosity, creativity, and imagination to be effective.

Main Features of Science

  • Scientific results are universally applicable.
  • Scientific knowledge is subject to change.
  • Science uses ongoing testing and peer review to update knowledge.
  • Scientific models can be replaced with newer models.

The Nature of Technology

  • Technology applies scientific knowledge to practical purposes.
  • It has existed since ancient times (e.g., stone tools).
  • Technology is crucial to civilization's progress.
  • Technology often produces positive and negative outcomes.

Fundamental Characteristics of Scientists

  • Scientists conduct science as a complex social activity.
  • They work in various settings (universities, hospitals, etc.).
  • Scientists share their knowledge through various channels, including publications and conferences.
  • Scientists uphold high ethical standards and integrity.

Ethical Issues

  • Ethical issues are critical for scientists.
  • Scientists have responsibilities, that involve honesty, respect for others, and careful analysis of social and environmental issues.
  • Scientific work and scientific behaviour should be guided by common ethical principles.

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Unit-1 Fundamental Characteristics of Science, Technology, and Scientists PDF

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