Introduction to Science and Methodology

Systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world.
Based on observation and experimentation.

Natural Sciences: Study of natural phenomena (e.g., Physics, Chemistry, Biology).
- Physics: Laws of matter and energy.
- Chemistry: Composition, structure, and properties of substances.
- Biology: Study of living organisms.
Formal Sciences: Study of abstract concepts (e.g., Mathematics, Logic).
Social Sciences: Study of societies and human behavior (e.g., Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology).

Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world based on a body of evidence.
Law: A statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the universe.
Experimentation: A critical component for testing hypotheses and validating theories.

Falsifiability: A hypothesis must be able to be disproven.
Replicability: Experiments should yield consistent results when repeated.
Peer Review: Process by which research is evaluated by experts in the field before publication.

Technology Development: Innovations in engineering, computing, and medicine.
Environmental Science: Understanding ecosystems, climate change, and conservation.
Health Sciences: Advancements in medical research, treatments, and public health.

Ensure integrity in research.
Consider the implications of scientific discoveries on society and the environment.

Interdisciplinary Research: Collaboration across different fields to address complex problems.
Citizen Science: Public participation in scientific research to gather data.
Data Science: Use of statistical analysis and algorithms to interpret large datasets.

Systematic exploration of the physical and natural world, emphasizing observation and experimentation.

Natural Sciences: Focus on understanding natural phenomena, including:
- Physics: Investigates the laws governing matter and energy.
- Chemistry: Examines the composition, structure, and characteristics of substances.
- Biology: Studies living organisms and their interactions.
Formal Sciences: Explore abstract concepts such as Mathematics and Logic.
Social Sciences: Analyze societies and human behavior, including fields like Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology.

Theory: A validated explanation supported by extensive evidential backing.
Law: An observational statement uniformly confirmed through repeated experiments.
Experimentation: Essential for testing hypotheses and affirming theories.

Falsifiability: Hypotheses must be able to be disproven through evidence.
Replicability: Experiments must produce consistent results across multiple attempts.
Peer Review: Critical assessment of research by subject-matter experts prior to publication.

Technology Development: Innovations improving engineering, computing, and healthcare sectors.
Environmental Science: Study of ecosystems, climate change impacts, and conservation strategies.
Health Sciences: Enhancements in medical research and advancements in healthcare treatments and public health initiatives.

Interdisciplinary Research: Joint efforts across various scientific fields to tackle multifaceted challenges.
Citizen Science: Engaging the public in scientific inquiry to enhance data collection efforts.
Data Science: Employs statistical techniques and algorithms for comprehensive analysis of large datasets.