Definition and Branches of Science

Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Natural Sciences: Study of natural phenomena.
- Physics: Study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
- Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, and reactions.
- Biology: Study of living organisms and life processes.
Formal Sciences: Study of abstract concepts.
- Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, structures, and change.
- Logic: Study of reasoning and argumentation.
Social Sciences: Study of human behavior and societies.
- Psychology: Study of the mind and behavior.
- Sociology: Study of social behavior and society.
- Economics: Study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Observation: Gathering data and noticing patterns.
Hypothesis: Formulating a testable explanation for the observation.
Experimentation: Conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
Analysis: Interpreting results to determine if they support or refute the hypothesis.
Conclusion: Drawing conclusions based on analysis and refining hypotheses as necessary.
Replication: Repeating experiments to verify results.

Empirical Evidence: Based on observations and experiments.
Reproducibility: Results should be replicable by others.
Falsifiability: Scientific claims must be testable and potentially disprovable.
Peer Review: Subjecting research to the scrutiny of other experts before publication.

Responsibility to conduct research with integrity and honesty.
Consideration of the implications and potential impacts of research findings.
Adherence to ethical standards in experimentation, especially concerning human and animal subjects.

Theory vs. Law: Theories explain phenomena; laws describe them.
Variables: Factors in an experiment that can change.
- Independent Variable: Changed by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable: Measured response to the independent variable.
Control Group: The standard for comparison in experiments.

Science is a systematic enterprise that organizes knowledge through testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Natural Sciences include Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, focusing on natural phenomena.
- Physics examines matter, energy, and fundamental forces.
- Chemistry investigates substances, their properties, and chemical reactions.
- Biology explores living organisms and life processes.
Formal Sciences encompass fields like Mathematics and Logic, focusing on abstract concepts.
- Mathematics deals with numbers, quantities, structures, and changes.
- Logic studies reasoning and the principles of valid inference.
Social Sciences analyze human behavior and societal structures, including Psychology, Sociology, and Economics.
- Psychology focuses on mental processes and behavior.
- Sociology investigates the dynamics of social behavior and institutions.
- Economics studies the production, distribution, and consumption of resources.

Observation involves collecting data and identifying patterns.
Hypothesis formation is the creation of a testable explanation for observations.
Experimentation entails conducting controlled tests to verify the hypothesis.
Analysis interprets experimental results to determine support or refutation of the hypothesis.
Conclusion includes drawing insights from the analysis and adjusting hypotheses as needed.
Replication is essential for verifying results through repeated experiments.

Empirical Evidence relies on data obtained from observations and experiments.
Reproducibility ensures that results can be consistently replicated by others.
Falsifiability denotes that scientific claims must be testable and capable of being disproved.
Peer Review subject research findings to scrutiny by experts in the field before publication.

Science enhances understanding of the natural world and leads to technological advancements.
It informs public policy, aiding in decision-making processes.
Engages critical thinking and analytical skills among individuals and communities.

Researchers hold the responsibility to conduct work with integrity and honesty.
Ethical implications and potential impacts of findings must be considered.
Adherence to established standards is crucial in research involving human and animal subjects.

Theory vs. Law: Theories provide explanations, while laws are descriptive rules of nature.
Variables represent elements in an experiment that may change.
- Independent Variable: manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable: measured effect in response to changes made to the independent variable.
Control Group serves as a baseline for comparison in experimental studies.