Introduction to Risk Assessment and Control
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between a hazard and a risk in the context of workplace safety?

  • A risk is a potential source of harm, while a hazard is the likelihood of that risk causing harm.
  • A hazard is the same as a risk and can be used interchangeably.
  • A hazard is a potential source of harm, while a risk is the likelihood of that hazard causing harm. (correct)
  • A hazard is always present, whereas a risk can only occur under certain conditions.

Which of the following stakeholders is NOT typically involved in the prevention of occupational risks?

  • Management
  • External auditors (correct)
  • Occupational Hygienists
  • Employees

What does the frequency rate measure in the context of workplace accidents?

  • The severity of individual accidents
  • The cost associated with workplace accidents
  • The total number of accidents per a defined number of work hours (correct)
  • The average duration of time employees take off after an accident

What is the primary purpose of creating a cause tree following a workplace accident?

<p>To organize contributing factors hierarchically and assess cause-and-effect relations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of workplace accidents and occupational diseases beyond human tragedy?

<p>Economic and legal ramifications for the company (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hazard' refer to in the context of safety and risk management?

<p>A material situation that has the potential for harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area does occupational hygiene primarily focus on?

<p>Creating optimal health conditions in the work environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'risk' defined in relation to hazards?

<p>A probability assessment of potential harm occurring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the objectives of risk assessment and control in the workplace?

<p>Identifying potential hazards and assessing associated risks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does workplace safety relate to public health and sustainable development?

<p>There are important interactions that impact overall health and well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between danger, risk, and hazard?

<p>Hazard is a cause capable of harm, while risk evaluates the exposure to that hazard (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor distinguishes risk from danger?

<p>Risk encompasses the concept of exposure and probability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the chapter dedicated to safety, hygiene, and occupational risks?

<p>General health and safety aspects at work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the term 'accident' be defined based on the provided information?

<p>An unforeseen event that causes bodily or material damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sustainable development as mentioned in the content?

<p>To enhance living conditions for all citizens globally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the concept of pollution sources?

<p>Pollution sources include both human activities and natural events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of the fault tree method in accident analysis?

<p>Evaluation of logical connections between events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the fault tree analysis process?

<p>Implementation of management strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of a cause and effect diagram according to the given principles?

<p>Tracing back from consequences to independent events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between precursor facts and resultant facts in a chain connection?

<p>One precursor leads to one specific outcome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial step of constructing a cause tree?

<p>Defining the final or feared event clearly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the fault tree method utilize when identifying causes?

<p>It employs a deductive method from a feared event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a conjunction connection, how are antecedent facts related to the resultant fact?

<p>Multiple antecedents collectively contribute to a single outcome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of evaluating the plausibility of causes in the fault tree method?

<p>To remove unnecessary branches and define probable scenarios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of asking 'Is it sufficient?' when analyzing events?

<p>To explore new avenues for cause-and-effect relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes independent events?

<p>Events that do not affect each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of basic events in root cause analysis?

<p>They can always be broken down further (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym INS refer to in the context of cause tree analysis?

<p>Immediate, necessary, and sufficient causes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connection is represented when multiple outcomes result from a single antecedent fact?

<p>Disjunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of workplace accidents does this analysis emphasize?

<p>They are often minor and contain limited damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the field of occupational health and safety characterized?

<p>Dynamic and perpetually advancing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical action advised for students in relation to occupational health?

<p>Refer to official sources for information on legislation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three conditions necessary for the declaration of a fire?

<p>Presence of fuel, oxidizer, and heat source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of a fire, which action should NOT be taken?

<p>Stay in the premises until the fire is controlled (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action to take in the case of an accident?

<p>Protect the victim without putting yourself in danger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of chemical risk at work?

<p>Occupational diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is a work accident most likely to occur?

<p>During manufacturing and handling of chemicals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes occupational diseases compared to workplace accidents?

<p>They develop over time due to prolonged exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of chronic exposure to hazardous chemical substances?

<p>Long-term health impairments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about workplace accidents is true?

<p>They reveal themselves suddenly and can include fires or explosions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of gathering facts in an accident analysis?

<p>Gathering facts quickly at the incident site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a 'fact' as used in accident analysis?

<p>An action or state that is precise and verifiable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information should be collected about the individual involved in an incident?

<p>Their age, skills, seniority, and training (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The construction of the cause-and-effect tree is initiated from which point?

<p>The ultimate fact or incident (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor should NOT be included in the inquiry of the work situation during accident analysis?

<p>The opinions and feelings of the victim (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common misconception about collecting facts at an accident scene?

<p>Facts should be collected from a distance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when analyzing the environment of the work situation?

<p>The victim's personal history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may differentiate an accident from a regular occurrence in an analysis context?

<p>The modifications from usual operating procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Occupational hygiene

The study of workplace conditions to ensure a healthy and safe environment for workers.

Hazard

Any factor that can cause harm or injury to a worker.

Risk

The likelihood that a hazard will cause harm and the severity of that harm.

Workplace accident (WA)

An unexpected event or incident that results in injury, illness, or property damage.

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Occupational disease (OD)

A health condition caused by exposure to hazards in the workplace.

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Cause tree

A tool used to analyze the causes of an accident by identifying root causes and contributing factors.

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Frequency rate

The number of accidents per 100,000 worker hours.

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Severity rate

The severity of accidents, often measured in days lost due to injury.

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Accident

An unforeseen and sudden event that causes damage to people or property.

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Consequence

The extent of harm that might result from a hazard.

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Probability

The possibility of a hazard occurring.

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Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of a hazard causing harm.

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Risk Management

Assessing and managing risks to prevent accidents and injuries.

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Occupational Health Plan

A systematic approach to identify, analyze, evaluate, and control risks to achieve acceptable levels of safety and health.

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Workplace accident with chemicals

A sudden and unexpected harmful event that occurs at work due to chemical exposure, leading to injuries like burns, fires, explosions, or asphyxiation.

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Occupational disease from chemicals

A gradual health condition caused by long-term exposure to chemicals at work, potentially leading to serious health problems.

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Fire triangle

A fire requires three elements to ignite: fuel (the source of energy), an oxidizer (like oxygen), and a heat source (spark or flame).

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Fire triangle (Fuel, Oxidizer, Heat)

The three elements needed to initiate a fire. Fuel provides the substance to burn. An oxidizer, like oxygen, supports combustion, and a heat source ignites the fuel and oxidizer.

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Chemical risk management

Controlling or mitigating the risks of chemicals used in the workplace through preventative measures, safe handling practices, and proper disposal.

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Accident response steps

These are the actions taken to prevent the consequences of an accident, involving protection of the victim, alerting the emergency services, and allowing trained personnel to take action.

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Workplace first aider

A person with expertise in first aid who is trained to provide initial medical assistance in the workplace during an emergency.

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Latency period

The period of time between exposure to a hazardous substance and the onset of a disease. In some cases, this period can be long, even years.

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Cause Tree Construction

The systematic search for immediate, necessary, and sufficient causes (INS) used to build the cause-and-effect tree.

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Fact Collection

The starting point of an accident analysis, involving collecting accurate, verifiable, and concrete facts about the incident.

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Fact

A precise, concrete, and verifiable statement about an action or state at the time of the incident. It is in affirmative form and avoids opinions, judgments, or interpretations.

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The Individual

The individual involved in the accident, including their age, skills, training, and experience.

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The Task

The specific task the individual was performing at the time of the accident, including any deviations from standard procedures or unusual circumstances.

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The Environment

The physical, relational, and organizational environment in which the incident occurred, including factors like noise, temperature, work organization, and isolation.

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Cause-and-Effect Tree

A graphic representation that organizes the causes of an accident by identifying the root causes and contributing factors. It is constructed from right to left, starting with the incident.

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Lesion

The final event or incident that occurred, representing the ultimate outcome of the accident.

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Cause Tree Analysis

The process of determining what events led to an accident, starting with the final outcome and working backwards to identify root causes.

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Precursor

A fact that happens or exists before another fact, and helps to explain why that fact happened.

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Antecedents

A set of facts that together explain why an event happened.

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Sufficient Condition

A fact that is certain to happen or be true after a specific event. It is a necessary condition.

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Necessary Condition

A fact that might lead to a specific event, but is not guaranteed. There could be other possibilities.

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Independent Event

A fact or event that has no causal connection to the event being investigated.

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Cause and Effect Diagrams (Fault Tree Analysis)

A method for examining incidents by identifying the events that led to the incident and the relationships between them. It progresses from the final event (incident) backward, exploring the causes that contributed to it. It helps to determine the direct causes, such as equipment failures or human actions, but focuses less on underlying root causes.

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Defining the Final Event

The most important step in creating a cause and effect diagram is defining the incident (accident or near miss) accurately. The more detailed the definition, the easier it is to construct the branching diagram of causes.

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Identifying INS (Immediate, Necessary, and Sufficient Causes)

To understand how each cause or event contributed to the final incident, you need to identify the immediate, necessary, and sufficient causes. These causes are critical to determine the sequence of events that led to the incident.

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Deductive Approach

Cause and effect diagrams are typically built using a deductive approach. The analysis begins with the final event, and then it moves backward by breaking down the event using a logical approach. This method helps to unravel the complexities of the incident by focusing on the direct causes and the relationships between them.

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Graphical representation

The use of visual representations to depict the causes of an accident or near miss. This helps to create a clearer understanding of the relationships between various contributing factors and the final event.

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Evaluating Plausibility of Causes

The plausibility of each contributing cause is assessed to determine the most likely scenario(s) that led to the final event. By focusing on plausible causes, the analysis provides a more realistic and focused approach to understanding the incident.

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Preliminary Understanding

Understanding the system and its potential risks before creating the cause-and-effect diagram is crucial. This allows for an informed starting point and helps to prevent overlooking vital causes.

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Independent Basic Events

To create a more accurate and comprehensive cause-and-effect diagram, it is important to consider the independence of basic events – the events at the bottom of the diagram. Basic events are independent if they are not influenced by each other. Considering independence keeps you from accidentally double-counting events.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Risk Assessment and Control

  • Fundamental concepts of workplace safety are introduced, including the difference between a hazard and a risk
  • Stakeholders and actors involved in occupational risk prevention are identified
  • Different indicators for workplace accidents, such as frequency rate and severity rate, are discussed, including occupational diseases
  • Students learn how to observe, analyze, and assess specific workplace risks
  • Methods for creating a cause tree in the event of an accident are taught, involving analyzing contributing factors and understanding cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Practical skills for identifying, evaluating, and preventing potential hazards in the workplace are developed.

Occupational Hygiene

  • Occupational hygiene is a discipline that ensures optimal worker health and well-being in the professional environment
  • Integrates with occupational medicine, ergonomics, and safety
  • Safety, hygiene, and health at work are increasingly significant for companies, beyond human and social tragedies, due to economic and legal impacts
  • Interactions between occupational health, public health, ecology, sustainable development, and the economy are emphasized
  • Climate change and local pollution are recognized as major environmental concerns

Hazard, Risk, and Danger

  • Danger is a material situation with potential harm to people or the environment
  • Hazard is a potential threat or harm
  • Risk is the assessment of exposure to a hazard, measuring the probability of harm and its potential severity
  • Risk is calculated as Hazard x Exposure
  • Accidents, even minor ones, stem from risk or danger under certain conditions

Risk Classification

  • Mechanical risks: involve moving parts, crushing, falling objects, cuts, etc.
  • Physical risks: vibrations, noise, extreme temperatures, lighting
  • Chemical risks: exposure to substances (gaseous, liquid, etc.)
  • Biological risks: exposure to infectious agents
  • Radiological risks: exposure to radiation
  • Psychological risks: assault, harassment, stress, etc.
  • Other risks: thermal environments, fire risks, poor posture, and handling

Routes of Entry

  • Penetration by mouth (accidental or carelessness)
  • Skin penetration (fat-soluble products cause various disorders)
  • Penetration through the lungs (inhaling pollutants during work)

Prevention and Control

  • Information on hazardous materials, including identification, use, storage, transportation, and waste management
  • Permissible exposure limits (PEL) are defined as maximum concentrations of substances in the air that workers can tolerate without health impairment.
  • Indicators: frequency (number of incidents per time period) and severity (extent of the incident's impact)
  • Risk assessment takes exposure to hazards and the number of accidents into account, considering existing preventive measures to assess frequency risk. Severely is measured by the extent of the incident’s impact.
  • Criticality matrix is a tool to differentiate between critical and non-critical areas by distinguishing frequency and severity

Cause and Effect Diagrams

  • Key principles for creating a cause-and-effect diagram based on fault tree method: Identify direct causes, provide a sequence, evaluate logical connections, provide a graphical representation.
  • General principles in creating cause-and-effect trees aim to determine the sequence of events that led to the incident, tracing from consequences, events, and possible causes as a deductive method
  • Gathering facts (actions, states, and concrete observations) is the starting point in analyzing an incident
  • A step-by-step approach to creating cause diagrams is outlined, and examples are given

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Related Documents

Chapter 1: Introduction to Risk Assessment and Control, Accident Analysis PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential principles of workplace safety, focusing on the distinction between hazards and risks. Students will explore the role of stakeholders in occupational risk prevention and learn to analyze workplace incidents through various safety indicators. Additionally, practical methods for identifying and mitigating risks are included.

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