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Questions and Answers
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the abdominal viscera?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the abdominal viscera?
Which action occurs in the liver during sympathetic activation?
Which action occurs in the liver during sympathetic activation?
What is a physiological effect of miosis in the eye?
What is a physiological effect of miosis in the eye?
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood vessels in the skin?
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood vessels in the skin?
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of the internal urethral sphincter during sympathetic activation?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the internal urethral sphincter during sympathetic activation?
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What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
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Which nerve fibers are responsible for carrying impulses from the external environment to the central nervous system?
Which nerve fibers are responsible for carrying impulses from the external environment to the central nervous system?
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How does the somatic nervous system primarily affect the body?
How does the somatic nervous system primarily affect the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which term describes the nerve fibers that convey signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?
Which term describes the nerve fibers that convey signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?
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What is one of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the eyes?
What is one of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the eyes?
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What characterizes the autonomic nervous system in terms of muscle control?
What characterizes the autonomic nervous system in terms of muscle control?
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Which response is caused by sympathetic action on the thoracic viscera?
Which response is caused by sympathetic action on the thoracic viscera?
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Study Notes
Regulating Systems Overview
- The endocrine system comprises ductless glands that release hormones into the bloodstream, promoting slow and prolonged effects on target organs.
- The nervous system enables rapid and short-term regulation of body functions through nerve impulses.
Nervous System Structure
- Contains two types of nerve fibers:
- Afferent (sensory) fibers transmit information from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS).
- Efferent (motor) fibers convey impulses from the CNS to muscles, glands, and organs.
Peripheral Nervous System
- Afferent fibers relay external sensory information (light, sound) and internal body states (muscle tension, visceral distension).
- Efferent fibers are categorized into cranial and spinal nerves based on their origin.
Functional Classification of the Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System: Operates via reflex arcs to govern voluntary skeletal muscle activities.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Functions through reflex arcs but controls involuntary smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
Sympathetic Nervous System (Thoraco-lumbar)
- Originates from lateral horn cells of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord segments.
Effects on Various Organs
-
Eye:
- Mydriasis (dilation of pupils) via dilator pupillae muscle.
- Reduced lens power for distant vision.
- Widened palpebral fissure through upper eyelid muscle.
- Decreased tear production.
-
Skin:
- Stimulates sweat glands and causes vasoconstriction.
- Erects body hairs.
-
Salivary Glands:
- Produces concentrated, small amounts of viscous saliva.
-
Cerebral Circulation:
- Increased blood flow.
Thoracic Viscera
-
Heart:
- Enhances cardiac rate, force, and conduction properties.
- Causes coronary vessel dilation.
-
Lungs:
- Bronchodilation and pulmonary vessel vasoconstriction.
Abdominal Viscera
-
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT):
- Inhibits wall smooth muscle in stomach and intestines.
- Stimulates contraction of sphincters like the pyloric sphincter.
-
Liver:
- Promotes glycogenolysis, raising blood glucose levels.
-
Spleen:
- Contracts capsule, releasing stored blood into circulation.
-
Adrenal Medulla:
- Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline directly.
Pelvic Viscera
-
GIT:
- Inhibits smooth muscle of distal large intestine and rectum.
- Contracts internal anal sphincter to retain feces.
-
Urinary Bladder:
- Relaxes bladder wall and contracts internal urethral sphincter for urine retention.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (Cranio-sacral)
-
Eye:
- Miosis (pupil constriction) through constrictor pupillae.
- Increases lens power for near vision.
-
Salivary Glands:
- Acts as secretomotor and vasodilator.
Chemical Transmission and Autonomic Receptors
- Autonomic receptors facilitate neurotransmission at autonomic junctions.
Alarm or "Stress" Response
- Causes physiological changes:
- Pupil dilation for improved vision.
- Increases heart rate and blood pressure for enhanced perfusion.
- Skin blood vessels constrict to minimize bleeding.
- Lowers reticular formation thresholds to heighten alertness.
- Stimulates lipolysis and glycogenolysis for increased energy availability.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of the endocrine and nervous systems, including their functions and characteristics. It examines how these systems regulate bodily functions, highlighting the differences between hormonal and neural responses. Test your understanding of the reflex arc and the role of nerve fibers in the nervous system.
