Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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Questions and Answers

What stimulates the release of TSH?

  • Low blood levels of T3 and T4 (correct)
  • High blood levels of T3 and T4
  • High metabolic rate
  • High blood glucose level

    • Where is the thyroid gland located?

  • Superior to the heart
  • Inferior to the larynx (correct)
  • Anterior to the liver
  • Posterior to the trachea

    • What is the function of glucagon?

  • Inhibits the release of insulin
  • Decreases blood glucose levels
  • Increases blood glucose levels (correct)
  • Enhances secretion of gastric juices

    • Which hormone stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices rich in HCO3-?

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits the release of GH and TSH?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the thymus secrete?

    <p>Thymosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of glucagon?

    <p>Low blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Increases blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do endocrine glands secrete their contents?

    <p>Directly into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of transport proteins for lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>To increase hormone solubility in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is NOT part of the endocrine system?

    <p>Sebaceous gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone binds to receptors within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell?

    <p>Lipid-soluble hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a function of hormones?

    <p>Regulate extracellular fluid homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do paracrine hormones function?

    <p>Bind to nearby cells in the interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is categorized as a steroid hormone?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is classified as an amine hormone derived from histidine?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases the levels of cAMP in cells?

    <p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a second messenger used by water-soluble hormones?

    <p>Diacylglycerol (DAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does serotonin have on hormone activity?

    <p>No effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone interaction requires simultaneous exposure to a second hormone?

    <p>Permissive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During childbirth, which hormone increases uterine contractions?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hormone secretion generally controlled?

    <p>Negative or positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Low blood Ca2+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hormone produced and secreted by the testes?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in regulating blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inhibin in both males and females?

    <p>Inhibits the secretion of FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone secreted by the kidneys increases red blood cell production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of estrogens and progesterone?

    <p>Stimulate descent of testes before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the liver to secrete insulinlike growth factors (IGFs)?

    <p>Human growth hormone (HGH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is secreted in darkness by the pineal gland?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principal actions does oxytocin (OT) perform?

    <p>Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone inhibits the release of corticotropin by anterior pituitary corticotrophs?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in elevating blood glucose concentration?

    <p>Human growth hormone (HGH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

    <p>Stimulates sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pineal gland secretes a hormone important for what function?

    <p>Regulation of the biological clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the anterior pituitary do in response to hypothalamic inhibiting hormones?

    <p>Reduces corticotropin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System

    • Coordinates all body systems with the nervous system
    • Uses hormones produced by endocrine structures to produce effects

    Endocrine Glands

    • Secrete contents directly into the blood
    • Include: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

    Exocrine Glands

    • Secrete contents into a lumen or duct
    • Include: sudoriferous, sebaceous, mucous, and digestive glands

    Hormone Functions

    • Regulate:
      • Extracellular fluid homeostasis
      • Metabolism
      • Muscle contraction
      • Glandular secretions
      • Some immune functions
    • Involved in:
      • Growth and development
      • Reproduction
      • Establishing circadian rhythms

    Endocrine Hormones

    • Secreted into interstitial fluid and then absorbed into the bloodstream
    • Can act on any cell with the appropriate receptor

    Local Hormones

    • Autocrine hormones: act on the same cell that secretes them
    • Paracrine hormones: act on nearby cells
    • Examples: IL-2, NO

    Lipid-Soluble Hormones

    • Bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell
    • Examples: steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, oestrogen), thyroid hormones (T3, T4), and gases (nitric oxide)

    Thyroid Gland

    • Located inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea
    • Triggers growth of the nervous and skeletal systems

    Thyroid Hormones

    • Actions:
      • Regulate metabolism
      • Involved in growth and development
      • Establish circadian rhythms
    • Regulated by:
      • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
      • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

    Parathyroid Glands

    • Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
    • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low blood calcium levels
    • Actions:
      • Regulate blood calcium levels

    Pancreatic Hormones

    • Include:
      • Glucagon
      • Insulin
      • Somatostatin
      • Gastrin
      • Secretin
      • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
      • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
    • Actions:
      • Regulate blood glucose levels
      • Involved in digestion and absorption of nutrients

    Thymus

    • Located superior to the heart
    • Secretes thymosin
    • Actions:
      • Promotes proliferation and maturation of T cells

    Ovaries

    • Produce several steroid hormones:
      • Estrogens and progesterone
      • Relaxin
      • Inhibin
    • Actions:
      • Regulate female reproductive cycle and oogenesis
      • Maintain pregnancy
      • Prepare mammary glands for lactation

    Testes

    • Produce testosterone
    • Actions:
      • Regulate male reproductive cycle and spermatogenesis
      • Involved in development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

    Other Endocrine Tissues

    • Include:
      • Pineal gland
      • Hypothalamus
      • Pituitary gland
      • Heart
      • Stomach
      • Kidney
      • Adrenal glands
      • Pancreas
      • Small intestine
      • Skin
      • Liver

    Water-Soluble Hormones

    • Bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of a cell
    • Include:
      • Amine hormones
      • Peptide hormones
      • Eicosanoid hormones

    Hormone Interactions

    • Responsiveness of target cells depends on:
      • Hormone concentration in blood
      • Number of hormone receptors on target cells
      • Influences of other hormones
    • Types of interactions:
      • Permissive
      • Synergistic
      • Antagonistic

    Control of Hormone Secretion

    • Regulated by:
      • Signals from the nervous system
      • Chemical changes in the blood
      • Other hormones
    • Types of control:
      • Negative feedback
      • Positive feedback

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

    • Hypothalamus: major link between the nervous and endocrine systems
    • Pituitary gland: regulates other endocrine glands
    • Anterior pituitary: stimulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
    • Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus

    Pineal Gland

    • Secretes melatonin
    • Involved in maintaining the biological clock (seasonal and daily cycles)

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    Description

    Learn about the nervous and endocrine systems, their functions, and the types of glands involved. Understand how they coordinate body systems and produce effects.

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