Introduction to Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the physiological approach to psychology?

  • It analyzes unconscious motivations.
  • It links behavior and mental activities to biological factors. (correct)
  • It focuses on internal mental processes.
  • It emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior.

Behaviorists are primarily concerned with internal mechanisms of the organism.

False (B)

Name one prominent psychologist associated with the behaviorist approach.

Pavlov

Cognitive psychologists study processes such as perception, memory, and ______.

<p>thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological approaches with their main focus:

<p>Physiological Approach = Biological influences on behavior Behaviorist Approach = Environmental influences on behavior Cognitive Approach = Mental processes affecting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Researchers who focus on biological factors affecting behavior may be referred to as:

<p>Physiological psychologists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive approach believes that observable behavior alone is sufficient to understand psychological phenomena.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mediators in cognitive psychology?

<p>Internal mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the word 'psychology' mean?

<p>Study of the mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychology only studies observable behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three aspects that define psychology?

<p>Science, behavior, and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Greek letter representing psychology is ____.

<p>psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the goals of psychology with their descriptions:

<p>Describe = To observe and detail behavior objectively Explain = To provide reasons for observed behaviors Predict = To speculate possible future behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychology?

<p>Advertise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychology has been considered a science since the end of the twentieth century.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychology as a science?

<p>Behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of a case study?

<p>It typically involves only one case. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys can gather large amounts of information in a relatively short time.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two most commonly used tools in survey research?

<p>Questionnaires and interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

Correlation refers to the __________ between two variables.

<p>relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research method with its characteristic:

<p>Case Study = Involves a detailed examination of a single instance Survey = Gathers data through questionnaires and interviews Correlational Study = Determines relationships but not cause and effect Experimental Method = Manipulates factors to observe behavioral changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can affect the accuracy of survey data?

<p>Placebo effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Correlational research can provide insights into cause and effect relationships.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a factor is manipulated in an experimental method?

<p>The behavior under study may change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Watson's significant contributions to psychology?

<p>Use of more objective and systematic methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud believed that all human actions are directed solely by conscious beliefs and wishes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud use to explain the symptoms of his psychiatric patients?

<p>The unconscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud used the analogy of an ice berg to describe the relationship between __________ and the unconscious mind.

<p>conscious awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents Freud's view of mental activity?

<p>Many behaviors are influenced by unconscious motives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, we are always aware of our unconscious urges and thoughts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method psychoanalysts use based on their aims.

<p>Dream analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Observable Behavior = Focus of Watson's psychology Unconscious Mind = Core element of Freud's theory Psychoanalysis = Type of therapy developed by Freud Phobias = Irrational fears explained by unconscious conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do humanistic psychologists emphasize in their approach?

<p>Subjective, conscious experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The humanistic approach views humans as striving to achieve their potential.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one influential figure of the humanistic approach.

<p>Carl Rogers or Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humanistic psychologists believe that psychology should focus on the _____ experience of the individual.

<p>subjective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with its description:

<p>Humanistic Psychology = Focus on individual potential and subjective experience Behaviorism = Study of observable behavior through conditioning Psychoanalysis = Emphasis on the unconscious mind and early experiences Eclectic Approach = Combining different psychological theories and methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major aim of humanistic psychology?

<p>To maximize potential for psychological growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All psychologists adhere strictly to one specific psychological approach.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is psychology often referred to as a 'soft science'?

<p>Because it deals with human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which are not always predictable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Random Assignment in experiments?

<p>To control for selection bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Double-Blind study means that only the subjects are unaware of the purpose of the experiment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Clinical Psychology?

<p>To diagnose and treat emotional and behavioral disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _____ is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders.

<p>psychiatrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Psychotherapist = A person who practices psychotherapy Psychoanalyst = Practices techniques associated with Freud Clinical Psychologist = Diagnoses and treats emotional disorders Psychiatrist = A medical doctor specializing in mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a Psychoanalyst from a Clinical Psychologist?

<p>Psychoanalysts are trained specifically in Freud's techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical psychologists usually have a Psy.D.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical psychologists typically require four to five years of graduate work, plus at least one year's _____ under supervision.

<p>internship</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psyche

Greek word meaning 'mind' or 'soul'.

Logos

Greek word meaning 'study' or 'line of teaching'.

Behavior

Actions or reactions that can be directly observed, such as kissing, crying, sneezing.

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Mental processes

Private thoughts, feelings, and motives that are not directly observable, such as fears, dreams, and motivations.

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Describe

The first goal of psychology; describing what is observed in detail, objectively, and systematically.

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Explain

The second goal of psychology; explaining why something happened by investigating underlying causes.

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Predict

The third goal of psychology; predicting future behavior based on understanding past patterns.

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Psychoanalysis

A theory suggesting that our unconscious mind plays a significant role in shaping our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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Conscious Awareness

The part of our mental activity that we are directly aware of, similar to the visible tip of an iceberg.

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Unconscious Mind

The part of our mind that contains hidden desires, fears, and conflicts that we are not aware of, like the vast, submerged part of an iceberg.

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Unconscious Influence

The idea that conscious intentions and actions can be influenced by unconscious conflicts and desires.

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Psychoanalytic Methods

Using methods that rely on exploring the unconscious mind to understand a person's problems and motivations.

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Conversion Hysteria

Physical symptoms or complaints that have no apparent physiological cause, possibly arising from unconscious conflicts.

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Phobia

A strong, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

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Physiological Approach

The physiological approach to psychology emphasizes the role of biological processes in influencing behavior, thought, and emotion. It posits that our brain, nervous system, and hormonal processes are fundamental to understanding our actions and mental states.

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Behaviorist Approach

Behaviorists believe that learning and experiences shape our behavior, focusing primarily on observable actions and environmental factors. They emphasize the influence of conditioning and reinforcement.

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Cognitive Approach

Cognitive psychologists investigate the mental processes that mediate between stimuli and behavior, including perception, thought, memory, and language. They believe understanding these internal processes is crucial to comprehending behavior.

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Labels of Physiological Psychologists

Biopsychologists, neuropsychologists, psychobiologists, and physiological psychologists all share an interest in the biological underpinnings of psychological phenomena.

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What do Cognitive Psychologists have in common?

The approach that emphasizes the study of internal mental processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking, to understand behavior.

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What do Behaviorists have in common?

The approach that emphasizes the influence of learning and experience on behavior, focusing on observable actions and environmental factors.

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What do Physiological Psychologists have in common?

The approach that emphasizes the role of biological processes in shaping behavior, thought, and emotion.

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What do cognitive psychologists study?

The approach that emphasizes the role of internal mental processes in mediating behavior, particularly perception, thought, memory, and language.

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Humanistic Approach

A perspective in psychology that emphasizes the importance of subjective experiences, personal growth, and human potential.

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Humanistic Psychologists

Psychologists who believe that psychology should focus on the individual's conscious experiences and unique potential for growth.

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Free Will

The belief that humans have the ability to make choices and shape their own destiny.

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Maximize Potential

A core goal of the Humanistic approach to help individuals achieve their full potential for psychological growth and self-actualization.

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Eclectic Approach

An approach that combines elements from various schools of thought in psychology.

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Social Science

An area of psychology that studies the mind and behavior of humans, often seen as less precise than hard sciences.

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Research in Psychology

The use of systematic methods to investigate and understand psychological phenomena.

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Psychology as a Science

A field of study that uses systematic methods to gather evidence and test hypotheses about the human mind and behavior.

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Case Study

A research method where a single individual or small group is studied in depth, providing rich, detailed information but limiting generalizability to the wider population.

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Survey Research

A research method that gathers information from a large group of people using questionnaires or interviews, offering a snapshot of attitudes and experiences.

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Correlation

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

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Correlational Study

Exploring if a relationship exists between two variables, how strong it is, and in what direction it goes.

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Cause and Effect

The ability to conclude that one variable directly causes a change in another variable, based on research findings.

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Experiment

A controlled experiment where one factor is manipulated while others are kept constant to determine its effect on behavior.

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Independent Variable

A variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher to observe its impact on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

A variable that is measured to see how it is affected by changes in the independent variable.

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Random Assignment

A method of assigning subjects to groups based solely on chance, eliminating bias in participant selection.

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Blind Study

An experiment where the participants are unaware of the study's purpose and expected outcomes.

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Double-Blind Study

An experiment where both the participants and the researchers are unaware of the study's purpose and expected outcomes.

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True Experiment

The most rigorous type of research involving random assignment, standardized instructions, manipulation of an independent variable (IV), and measurement of a dependent variable (DV).

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Clinical Psychologist

A trained professional who diagnoses and treats emotional and behavioral disorders using psychotherapy.

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Psychiatrist

A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

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Psychotherapist

Any individual who provides psychological treatment.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
  • Behavior is observable actions, while mental processes are internal thoughts and feelings.
  • Psychology uses systematic methods to study behavior and mental processes.

Goals of Psychology

  • Describe: Observe behavior objectively and detail it.
  • Explain: Understand the reasons behind behavior.
  • Predict: Anticipate future behavior based on past behavior.
  • Control: Influence behavior to improve lives, in a positive manner.

Origins of Psychology

  • The word "psychology" is Greek in origin.
  • "Psyche" means mind or soul.
  • "Logos" means study or line of teaching.
  • Psychology emerged as a scientific discipline in 1879, with Wundt's laboratory.

Early Schools of Psychology

  • Structuralism: Wundt and Titchener focused on the basic elements of consciousness (sensations, images, feelings) using introspection.
  • Functionalism: James focused on the purpose of consciousness and how it helped individuals adapt to their environment (influenced by Darwin).
  • Gestalt Psychology: Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler emphasized the whole or pattern of perception over its individual parts.
  • Behaviorism: Watson and Skinner focused solely on observable behavior and how environmental factors affect it.
  • Psychoanalysis: Freud focused on unconscious drives and conflicts, and their role in behavior.

Modern Perspectives

  • Physiological: Focuses on the biological underpinnings of behavior, including the nervous and hormonal systems.
  • Cognitive: Studies internal mental processes such as perception, memory, and thinking.
  • Socio-cultural: Investigates how social and cultural contexts shape behavior.
  • Psychodynamic: Emphasizes the role of unconscious motivations and past experiences on current behavior.
  • Humanistic: Highlights personal growth, individual potential, and freedom of choice.

Research Methods

  • Case studies: In-depth investigation of an individual.
  • Surveys: Gathering data from a large group of participants.
  • Correlational studies: Examine relationships between variables.
  • Experiments: Manipulate one variable to observe its effect on another while controlling other influencing factors to establish cause and effect.
  • Naturalistic observation: Observe behavior in natural settings without influencing the situation.

Subfields in Psychology

  • Clinical Psychology: Diagnoses and treats psychological disorders.
  • Counseling Psychology: Focuses on everyday problems and adjustment issues.
  • School Psychology: Addresses learning and behavioral issues in schools.
  • Educational Psychology: Focuses on learning processes and improving education.
  • Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Focuses on the workplace and organizational behavior.
  • Social Psychology: Studies how people influence one another.
  • Developmental Psychology: Examines how people change across their lifespan.

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The Essence of Psychology PDF

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This quiz covers the fundamentals of psychology, including its goals, origins, and early schools of thought. Explore concepts like behavior, mental processes, and the contributions of key figures in psychology's history. Test your knowledge and understanding of this fascinating field.

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