Introduction to Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the physiological approach to psychology?

  • It analyzes unconscious motivations.
  • It links behavior and mental activities to biological factors. (correct)
  • It focuses on internal mental processes.
  • It emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior.

    • Behaviorists are primarily concerned with internal mechanisms of the organism.

    False

    Name one prominent psychologist associated with the behaviorist approach.

    Pavlov

    Cognitive psychologists study processes such as perception, memory, and ______.

    <p>thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological approaches with their main focus:

    <p>Physiological Approach = Biological influences on behavior Behaviorist Approach = Environmental influences on behavior Cognitive Approach = Mental processes affecting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researchers who focus on biological factors affecting behavior may be referred to as:

    <p>Physiological psychologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cognitive approach believes that observable behavior alone is sufficient to understand psychological phenomena.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mediators in cognitive psychology?

    <p>Internal mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the word 'psychology' mean?

    <p>Study of the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology only studies observable behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three aspects that define psychology?

    <p>Science, behavior, and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Greek letter representing psychology is ____.

    <p>psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the goals of psychology with their descriptions:

    <p>Describe = To observe and detail behavior objectively Explain = To provide reasons for observed behaviors Predict = To speculate possible future behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychology?

    <p>Advertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology has been considered a science since the end of the twentieth century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychology as a science?

    <p>Behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary limitation of a case study?

    <p>It typically involves only one case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surveys can gather large amounts of information in a relatively short time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most commonly used tools in survey research?

    <p>Questionnaires and interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Correlation refers to the __________ between two variables.

    <p>relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the research method with its characteristic:

    <p>Case Study = Involves a detailed examination of a single instance Survey = Gathers data through questionnaires and interviews Correlational Study = Determines relationships but not cause and effect Experimental Method = Manipulates factors to observe behavioral changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can affect the accuracy of survey data?

    <p>Placebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Correlational research can provide insights into cause and effect relationships.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a factor is manipulated in an experimental method?

    <p>The behavior under study may change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Watson's significant contributions to psychology?

    <p>Use of more objective and systematic methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud believed that all human actions are directed solely by conscious beliefs and wishes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Freud use to explain the symptoms of his psychiatric patients?

    <p>The unconscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud used the analogy of an ice berg to describe the relationship between __________ and the unconscious mind.

    <p>conscious awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents Freud's view of mental activity?

    <p>Many behaviors are influenced by unconscious motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, we are always aware of our unconscious urges and thoughts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method psychoanalysts use based on their aims.

    <p>Dream analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Observable Behavior = Focus of Watson's psychology Unconscious Mind = Core element of Freud's theory Psychoanalysis = Type of therapy developed by Freud Phobias = Irrational fears explained by unconscious conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do humanistic psychologists emphasize in their approach?

    <p>Subjective, conscious experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The humanistic approach views humans as striving to achieve their potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one influential figure of the humanistic approach.

    <p>Carl Rogers or Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humanistic psychologists believe that psychology should focus on the _____ experience of the individual.

    <p>subjective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its description:

    <p>Humanistic Psychology = Focus on individual potential and subjective experience Behaviorism = Study of observable behavior through conditioning Psychoanalysis = Emphasis on the unconscious mind and early experiences Eclectic Approach = Combining different psychological theories and methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major aim of humanistic psychology?

    <p>To maximize potential for psychological growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All psychologists adhere strictly to one specific psychological approach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is psychology often referred to as a 'soft science'?

    <p>Because it deals with human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which are not always predictable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Random Assignment in experiments?

    <p>To control for selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Double-Blind study means that only the subjects are unaware of the purpose of the experiment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Clinical Psychology?

    <p>To diagnose and treat emotional and behavioral disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders.

    <p>psychiatrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Psychotherapist = A person who practices psychotherapy Psychoanalyst = Practices techniques associated with Freud Clinical Psychologist = Diagnoses and treats emotional disorders Psychiatrist = A medical doctor specializing in mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a Psychoanalyst from a Clinical Psychologist?

    <p>Psychoanalysts are trained specifically in Freud's techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical psychologists usually have a Psy.D.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical psychologists typically require four to five years of graduate work, plus at least one year's _____ under supervision.

    <p>internship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology

    • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
    • Behavior is observable actions, while mental processes are internal thoughts and feelings.
    • Psychology uses systematic methods to study behavior and mental processes.

    Goals of Psychology

    • Describe: Observe behavior objectively and detail it.
    • Explain: Understand the reasons behind behavior.
    • Predict: Anticipate future behavior based on past behavior.
    • Control: Influence behavior to improve lives, in a positive manner.

    Origins of Psychology

    • The word "psychology" is Greek in origin.
    • "Psyche" means mind or soul.
    • "Logos" means study or line of teaching.
    • Psychology emerged as a scientific discipline in 1879, with Wundt's laboratory.

    Early Schools of Psychology

    • Structuralism: Wundt and Titchener focused on the basic elements of consciousness (sensations, images, feelings) using introspection.
    • Functionalism: James focused on the purpose of consciousness and how it helped individuals adapt to their environment (influenced by Darwin).
    • Gestalt Psychology: Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler emphasized the whole or pattern of perception over its individual parts.
    • Behaviorism: Watson and Skinner focused solely on observable behavior and how environmental factors affect it.
    • Psychoanalysis: Freud focused on unconscious drives and conflicts, and their role in behavior.

    Modern Perspectives

    • Physiological: Focuses on the biological underpinnings of behavior, including the nervous and hormonal systems.
    • Cognitive: Studies internal mental processes such as perception, memory, and thinking.
    • Socio-cultural: Investigates how social and cultural contexts shape behavior.
    • Psychodynamic: Emphasizes the role of unconscious motivations and past experiences on current behavior.
    • Humanistic: Highlights personal growth, individual potential, and freedom of choice.

    Research Methods

    • Case studies: In-depth investigation of an individual.
    • Surveys: Gathering data from a large group of participants.
    • Correlational studies: Examine relationships between variables.
    • Experiments: Manipulate one variable to observe its effect on another while controlling other influencing factors to establish cause and effect.
    • Naturalistic observation: Observe behavior in natural settings without influencing the situation.

    Subfields in Psychology

    • Clinical Psychology: Diagnoses and treats psychological disorders.
    • Counseling Psychology: Focuses on everyday problems and adjustment issues.
    • School Psychology: Addresses learning and behavioral issues in schools.
    • Educational Psychology: Focuses on learning processes and improving education.
    • Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Focuses on the workplace and organizational behavior.
    • Social Psychology: Studies how people influence one another.
    • Developmental Psychology: Examines how people change across their lifespan.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of psychology, including its goals, origins, and early schools of thought. Explore concepts like behavior, mental processes, and the contributions of key figures in psychology's history. Test your knowledge and understanding of this fascinating field.

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