Introduction to Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the individual's potential for growth and self-actualization?

  • Psychodynamic
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Humanistic (correct)

A child demonstrates object permanence when they:

  • Can solve complex mathematical problems.
  • Develop strong attachments to caregivers.
  • Understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. (correct)
  • Begin to use language to communicate.

According to Freud, which component of personality operates on the pleasure principle?

  • Id (correct)
  • Ego
  • Conscious
  • Superego

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

<p>Removing a headache by taking medicine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?

<p>Mental processes such as memory, problem-solving, and language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development emphasize?

<p>The social and cultural factors that shape development throughout the lifespan.. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person?

<p>Projection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be met first before an individual can pursue self-esteem?

<p>Love and belongingness needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Bandura's social learning theory?

<p>Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

<p>Abstract thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the biological perspective in psychology?

<p>The physiological and genetic factors that underlie behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'self-efficacy' as defined by Bandura?

<p>One's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, what is unconditional positive regard?

<p>Accepting and valuing a person regardless of their behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

<p>A dog salivating at the sound of a bell that has been paired with food. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the superego in Freud's theory of personality?

<p>To represent internalized societal and parental standards of morality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the authoritarian parenting style?

<p>Strict rules and expectations with little warmth.. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to drive-reduction theory, what motivates behavior?

<p>The need to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'confirmation bias' in cognitive psychology?

<p>The tendency to seek out information that supports one's existing beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a fear of intimacy and difficulty trusting others?

<p>Fearful-avoidant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

<p>Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the sociocultural perspective in psychology?

<p>The influence of social and cultural factors on behavior and mental processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what is accommodation?

<p>Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a projective personality test?

<p>Rorschach Inkblot Test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

<p>Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'learned helplessness'?

<p>The belief that one has no control over their environment, leading to passivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element of the humanistic approach to personality?

<p>Belief in the inherent goodness and potential of individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'scaffolding' refer to in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

<p>The support and guidance provided by a more knowledgeable person to help someone learn. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule?

<p>Giving a child a sticker for every five books they read. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personality theories, what is a 'trait'?

<p>A relatively stable and enduring pattern of behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?

<p>The distance between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'reciprocal determinism' in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

<p>Behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors interact and influence each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psychoanalysis?

<p>To increase self-awareness and insight into unconscious conflicts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a variable-interval reinforcement schedule?

<p>Checking your email, receiving a message at unpredictable times.. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attachment theory, what does 'internal working model' refer to?

<p>A mental representation of oneself, attachment figures, and relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic psychological needs that promote intrinsic motivation?

<p>Competence, autonomy, and relatedness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'halo effect' in social perception?

<p>The tendency to form an overall positive impression of someone based on one positive characteristic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which psychosexual stage is characterized by a focus on genital stimulation and the development of mature sexual interests?

<p>Genital stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is stimulus generalization?

<p>Responding to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is not one of The Big Five personality traits?

<p>Sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

What is psychology?

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate over the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development.

Erikson's Theory

A stage-based theory of psychosocial development, emphasizing social interaction and conflicts at each stage.

What is personality?

An individual's characteristic patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior.

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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

A theory of personality emphasizing the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and psychosexual stages.

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Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to protect oneself from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A humanistic psychology theory that individuals are motivated to achieve self-actualization, fulfilling their potential.

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What is learning?

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning through association; a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences; behaviors are strengthened by reinforcers and weakened by punishers.

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Observational Learning

The process of observing and imitating behavior.

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What is motivation?

Internal state that energizes and directs behavior.

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Drive-Reduction Theory

The theory that behavior is motivated by the need to maintain a psychological balance.

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Arousal Theory

The theory that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or punishments.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by internal satisfaction or enjoyment.

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Study Notes

  • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
  • It involves the use of scientific methods to understand and explain how people think, feel, and act
  • Psychology spans diverse subfields including developmental, social, cognitive, and clinical psychology

Growth and Development

  • Growth refers to the quantitative changes in an individual, such as height and weight
  • Development encompasses qualitative changes, including cognitive, social, and emotional transformations
  • Development is a continuous process from conception to death
  • Major stages of development include infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Personality

  • Personality refers to the unique and consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize an individual
  • Trait theories suggest that personality is composed of broad dimensions or traits
  • Prominent trait theories include the Five-Factor Model (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
  • Psychodynamic theories, such as Freud's, emphasize the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences in shaping personality
  • Humanistic theories focus on the individual's subjective experience, self-concept, and drive for self-actualization
  • Social-cognitive theories highlight the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and situational factors in personality

Psychology of Learning

  • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
  • Classical conditioning involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
  • Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened by reinforcement and weakened by punishment
  • Observational learning involves learning by watching and imitating others
  • Key figures in learning theory include Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning), B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning), and Albert Bandura (observational learning)

Motivation

  • Motivation refers to the processes that initiate, guide, and maintain goal-oriented behaviors
  • Intrinsic motivation arises from internal factors, such as enjoyment and satisfaction
  • Extrinsic motivation arises from external factors, such as rewards and punishments
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that individuals are motivated to fulfill basic needs before pursuing higher-level needs
  • Key theories of motivation include drive theory, incentive theory, and cognitive theories
  • Drive theory suggests that motivation arises from physiological needs that create internal drives to restore homeostasis
  • Incentive theory suggests that motivation arises from external stimuli that attract individuals towards certain goals
  • Cognitive theories emphasize the role of thoughts, beliefs, and expectations in motivation

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