Introduction to Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Explain how clinical health psychology integrates physiological variables and stress in understanding medical disorders. Provide an example of this interaction.

Clinical health psychology examines how physiological factors (e.g., genetics, biological processes) and stress contribute to the development and maintenance of medical conditions. For example, it explores how chronic stress can affect the cardiovascular system, leading to heart disease.

Describe how Freud's concept of psychic determinism influences behavior, according to his psychosexual theory.

According to Freud, psychic determinism suggests that all behaviors are driven by unconscious drives and moral rules, leaving little room for free choice. Unresolved conflicts or suppressed energy can manifest in neurotic behaviors.

How do ego drives and sexual drives differ in Freud's theory, and what implications does societal regulation of sexual drives have?

Ego drives are focused on survival needs (food, water), while sexual drives seek pleasure. Societal rules limit sexual drives, causing morality and guilt, and sometimes leading to neurosis if psychic energy is not released.

Explain how the energy of the death drive is redirected, according to Freud, and give examples of how this redirection manifests.

<p>Freud theorized that the energy of the death drive (Thanatos) is redirected outward as aggression towards others, destruction of objects, or inward as self-aggression and guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might unmet needs in the oral stage of Freud's psychosexual theory manifest later in life?

<p>Unmet needs in the oral stage, such as insufficient gratification from sucking, can lead to behaviors like thumb-sucking, nail-biting, or overeating in an attempt to fulfill those early unmet desires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the successful resolution of the phallic stage influences the development of personality, according to Freud.

<p>Successful resolution of the phallic stage, involving navigating the Oedipus (boys) or Electra (girls) complex, dictates the basic personality based on the relationships between the id, ego and superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's stages of development, how does overcoming a crisis lead to synthesis, and what does 'synthesis' mean in this context?

<p>Overcoming a crisis in each stage of Erikson's theory leads to synthesis, which is the development of a new virtue or strength that helps an individual cope with future challenges. Each stage has its own specific synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of classical conditioning in learning and provide an example related to health behavior.

<p>Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. For example, associating the smell of a hospital (neutral) with pain (meaningful) can create anxiety (conditioned response).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Maslow's hierarchy of needs relate to the concept of self-actualization, and what conditions are necessary for achieving this state?

<p>Maslow's hierarchy suggests that self-actualization, achieving one's full potential can only be reached when basic needs are regularly satisfied. This includes physiological, safety, love/belonging and esteem needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Allport and Frankl, what enables individuals to develop optimally despite facing unfavorable conditions?

<p>Allport and Frankl suggest that people can develop optimally despite a lack of satisfaction when they have propriate striving to formulate their own goals (Allport), and when they find a meaning in life (Frankl).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology

The study of the mind and behavior.

Substitute skills for pills

Recognizes individuals as part of a larger system; treatment must address both the person and the system.

Clinical Health Psychology

Treatment and research focused on the interplay of psychological, physiological, and social factors in health.

Developmental Psychology

The study of how humans grow and change throughout their lives, from conception to death

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Genetic Factors

Characteristics passed down through genes.

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Personality

One's consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

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Behavior Determinants

Behavior is motivated by internal drives or urges and is influence by moral and social rules.

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Id

The original source of all drives and instincts; operates on the pleasure principle

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Ego Drives

A need or drive that directs individual to survival

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Sensory motor phase

An ordered sequence of development based on experience and activity in infancy

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Study Notes

  • Psychology involves the study of the mind.
  • Clinical psychology is one of psychology's earliest specialties.
  • "Substitute skills for pills" acknowledges the importance of treating people and their systems accordingly.
  • Diagnosis and treatment require more than just knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
  • Clinical health psychology focuses on the role of physiological variables and stress in the development and maintenance of medical disorders.
  • Diseases stem from social, environmental, physiological, and biological factors; their interaction determines symptoms.
  • Comprehensive healthcare integrates both physiological and physical approaches.
  • Developmental psychology studies human development from conception to death.
  • Development requires detailed knowledge of underlying processes.
  • GPs should have a framework to systematize and interpret development across different areas and stages.
  • Development stages include prenatal, neonatal and infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early and middle adulthood, and late adulthood.
  • Factors determining development include genetic (inherited characteristics), constitutional (condition and nature of the organism), and environmental factors.
  • Personality influences development through the ability to influence one's own development and personal characteristics.
  • Developmental psychology describes and explains development based on a particular view of humankind.
  • Theories emphasize genetics, biological factors, natural processes, self-determination, interactions between various factors, conditioning, role prescription, and models.
  • Behavior is determined by drives or urges and moral rules.
  • Psychic determinism implies limited freedom of choice.
  • Personality structure involves the id (instinct), ego (reality), and superego (morality).
  • Changes in sex drive occur.
  • Psychic energy facilitates psychological functioning.
  • Psyche and personality are terms used interchangeably.
  • An ongoing production of psychic energy occurs.
  • Psychic energy needs to be expended through behavior to prevent discomfort and pain.
  • When psychic energy is suppressed by society, it can lead to neurosis and behavioral problems.
  • Psychic energy is linked to the life drive (Eros) and the death drive (Thanatos).
  • The life drive includes ego drives and sexual drives.
  • Ego drives relate to survival (food, water, oxygen).
  • Ego drives are not bound by strict moral rules.
  • Satisfying ego drives does not cause guilt.
  • Ego drives cause few, if any, psychological problems.
  • Sexual drives are limited by societal moral rules, which restrict the satisfaction of sexual and aggressive urges.
  • Limiting these drives can result in morality, guilt, and societal psychological problems.
  • Freud's theory highlights the focus on sexual drive in development.
  • The original aim of death drive is self-destruction of the individual.
  • Death drive represents the organism's inherent desire to return to an inorganic state.
  • Death drive often comes into conflict with the life drive.
  • Death drive energy turns into outward aggression, destruction of objects, and self-aggression, which leads to guilt.
  • The oral stage occurs from birth to 12 months.
    • The mouth is the erogenous zone.
    • Sense of pleasure comes from suckling.
    • Unsatisfied needs may result in thumb-sucking, nail-biting, and overeating.
  • The anal stage occurs from 12 months to 3 years.
    • The anus grows greater control of excretory functions.
    • Pleasure comes from controlling excretory functions.
    • Reactions from others can be extracted.
    • Toilet training is important for social morality.
  • The phallic stage occurs from 3 to 6 years.
    • Sexual organs are an erogenous zone.
    • Boys experience the Oedipus complex, which involves fantasies and guilt toward their mother.
    • Girls experience the Electra complex.
    • Relationships between the Id, Ego, and Superego are important as the basic personality is determined.
  • The latent stage occurs from ages 6 to 11 years.
    • No new erogenous zones develop.
    • Superego develops along with a moral conscience.
    • Same-sex playing and same-sex role behaviors occur.
  • The genital stage occurs during adolescence.
    • The phallic stage resurges.
    • Ego and superego are further developed.
    • Sexual drives move toward mature sexualized experiences.
  • The sensory motor phase occurs from 0 to 2 years.
    • The world is understood through perceptions and actions.
    • Lacks object permanence.
  • The pre-operational stage occurs from 2 to 6 years.
    • Object permanence can occur.
    • Uses language and symbols for speech and understanding.
    • There is presence of egocentrism and animism.
  • Concrete operations occurs from 6 to 11 years.
    • Logical thinking is still only linear and not too abstract.
    • Less egocentric.
  • Formal operations occurs from 12 years onwards.
    • Abstract thinking such as using Hypothetico-deductive reasoning is possible.
  • Erikson's developmental theory spans over 8 stages.
  • Each stage is characterized by a crisis.
  • Each stage involves a positive and negative aspect of the crisis.
  • Synthesis is achieved if the crisis is overcome.
  • Each stage has its own distinct synthesis.
  • Stage 1: first year focuses on trust versus mistrust.
    • The synthesis is hope.
    • Involves incorporation (food, warmth, love).
    • Experience through using a variety of senses.
    • Trust develops as the world appears a safe place.
  • Stage 2: 1 to 3 years focuses on autonomy versus shame and doubt.
    • The synthesis is will power.
    • Rapid physical development and growth occurs.
    • Greater self-control and movement occurs.
    • Independence must encouraged.
  • Stage 3: 3 to 6 years focuses on initiative versus guilt.
    • The synthesis is purpose.
    • Acting on one's own initiative can elicit guilt.
    • Social behavior differs for boys (tools + machinery) and girls (charm).
    • Willingness to try new things and handle failure is important.
  • Stage 4: 6 years to school age focuses on industry versus inferiority.
    • The synthesis is competence.
    • Pursuing mastering skills are needed, especially in primary school.
    • Competitiveness between friends leads to success.
  • Stage 5: adolescence focuses on identity and role confusion.
    • The synthesis is reliability.
    • The task is to acquire a sense of identity.
  • Stage 6: young adulthood focuses on intimacy versus isolation.
    • The main aspect is love.
    • Intimacy with others.
    • Common sense of identity must be developed.
    • Isolation promotes a tendency to protecting intimacy.
  • Stage 7: middle adulthood focuses on generativity versus stagnation.
    • The synthesis is care.
    • Resolving all previous crises successfully is important.
    • Generativity enriches one's self and the lives of others.
    • Actions geared toward securing the future of humankind.
  • Stage 8: old age focuses on integrity versus despair.
    • Successful coping occurs across all previous stages.
    • Satisfaction is found including the satisfaction of accepting death.
    • Dissatisfaction is present when life is fearful unfulfilled and despairing.
  • Assumption says most behavior is learnt.
  • John B Watson is the father of behaviorism.
  • All behavior is learnt in a child aspect.
  • Genetic determines emotional behavior + instincts.
  • Three types of learning that can occur are:
    • Classical conditioning
    • Instrumental conditioning
    • observational learning
  • Classical conditioning occurs when response linked to a particular stimulus that is associated with another simulus. The bell rang and the dog salivated even when no food around.
  • Instrumental conditioning occurs when organism plays a active role. Positive reinforcement or receiving punishments take place.
  • Observational learning occurs when learning behavior by observing others. A child sees an adult do something and is more than likely to do it themselves.
  • Person-oriented approaches describe optimal development which highest form of development.
  • Optimal development can only occur under favorable conditions.
  • Two level needs according to Maslow (1962) include:
    • Deficiency needs
    • Growth needs
  • Optimally developed person functions at the highest need level which Maslow calls self-actualization.
  • Self-actualization is achieved when a person's lower level and basic needs are regularly satisfied.
  • Optimal development can occur under unfavorable conditions.
  • Roger says an idividual can develope as fully functioning if unconditional acceptance has been achieved during childhood.
  • Allport states one can develope optimally despite a lack of need, satisfaction or acceptance.
  • Allport links it to propriate striving which is the freedom to forulate own gials and strive for perfection.
  • Frankl believes humanities basic need is to have meaning in life.

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