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Questions and Answers
What is primarily concerned with the primitive and selfish desires according to Freud's model of the mind?
What is primarily concerned with the primitive and selfish desires according to Freud's model of the mind?
Which defense mechanism involves shifting unacceptable feelings towards a more acceptable object?
Which defense mechanism involves shifting unacceptable feelings towards a more acceptable object?
What does Adler suggest is the prime motivator in human life?
What does Adler suggest is the prime motivator in human life?
According to Rogers, what must individuals experience to reconnect with their true feelings and desires?
According to Rogers, what must individuals experience to reconnect with their true feelings and desires?
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In Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the primary focus during the Oral Stage?
In Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the primary focus during the Oral Stage?
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What is the term used by Adler to describe the attempt to overcome perceived weaknesses?
What is the term used by Adler to describe the attempt to overcome perceived weaknesses?
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Which of the following stages does Freud suggest involves the Oedipus and Electra complexes?
Which of the following stages does Freud suggest involves the Oedipus and Electra complexes?
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What characteristic does the Superego represent according to Freud?
What characteristic does the Superego represent according to Freud?
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Which mechanism involves justifying an unacceptable behavior with logical reasons?
Which mechanism involves justifying an unacceptable behavior with logical reasons?
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What belief differentiates Horney's approach from Freud's regarding the prime motive of human existence?
What belief differentiates Horney's approach from Freud's regarding the prime motive of human existence?
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What does unconditional positive regard emphasize in interpersonal relationships?
What does unconditional positive regard emphasize in interpersonal relationships?
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What is the primary purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
What is the primary purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
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Which personality measurement method involves the subject interpreting ambiguous stimuli?
Which personality measurement method involves the subject interpreting ambiguous stimuli?
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Which characteristic is NOT part of the NEO-PI-R assessment?
Which characteristic is NOT part of the NEO-PI-R assessment?
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What is a key feature of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)?
What is a key feature of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)?
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In personality psychology, why do psychologists use objective tests like the MMPI and NEO-PI-R?
In personality psychology, why do psychologists use objective tests like the MMPI and NEO-PI-R?
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What does empathy in the context of personality assessment primarily involve?
What does empathy in the context of personality assessment primarily involve?
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Which of the following tests is primarily known for including items that assess whether a person is lying?
Which of the following tests is primarily known for including items that assess whether a person is lying?
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What is the main aim of personality measurement methods used by psychologists?
What is the main aim of personality measurement methods used by psychologists?
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Which measurement method is least likely to provide structured and quantitative data?
Which measurement method is least likely to provide structured and quantitative data?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology: Personality
- Personality is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize how a person adapts to the world.
- Psychologists approach personality from various perspectives, focusing on different aspects of the individual.
Outline
- Personality definition
- Personality theories
- Psychoanalytic (Freud)
- Defense mechanisms (types and uses)
- Humanistic (Rogers)
- Adler
- Horney
- Four basic tools psychologists use to measure personality
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
- Freud believed the sexual drive motivated human activity.
- He theorized that the human sex drive shaped personality development.
- Psychological disorders, dreams, and all behaviors stem from conflict between unconscious sexual urges and societal demands.
Psychoanalytic Structure of the Mind
- Freud divided the mind into three structures:
- ID: Operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of needs, present at birth, and mainly concerned with basic physiological needs (sex, hunger).
- EGO: Operates on the reality principle, mediating between the ID's desires and the external world.
- SUPEREGO: Operates on the moral principle, representing internalized societal standards and moral values.
Sigmund Freud: ID
- Present at birth.
- Operates under the "pleasure principle".
- Primitive and focused solely on selfish desires.
- Primarily concerned with basic physiological drives like sex, food, water.
- Desires are often irrational and unrealistic.
Sigmund Freud: SUPEREGO
- Functions as a moral guardian and establishes extremely high, yet often unrealistic standards of behavior.
Sigmund Freud: EGO
- Characterized by self-awareness, rational decision-making, and delayed gratification.
- Strives to balance unrealistic ID demands with the moralistic SUPEREGO.
- Employs defense mechanisms to manage anxiety.
Sigmund Freud: Defense Mechanisms
- Repression
- Rationalization
- Sublimation
- Identification
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Denial
- Displacement
- Regression
Psychosexual Stages of Development (Freud)
- Oral Stage (Birth-1 year): Focus on oral activities. Fixation can lead to smoking, overeating, or dependence.
- Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on toilet training. Fixation can lead to orderliness or messiness.
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Focus on genitals.
- Oedipus Complex (boys): Attraction to mother, fear of castration, identifying with father to gain mother's affection.
- Electra Complex (girls): Attraction to father, "penis envy," identifying with mother.
- Latent Stage (6-11 years): Sexual urges subside. Focus shifts to cognitive development and social interactions.
- Genital Stage (Adolescence): Sexual impulses reappear. Focus on establishing relationships with members of the opposite sex.
Horney's Sociocultural Approach
- Karen Horney rejected Freud's emphasis on anatomy as destiny.
- She argued that sociocultural influences shaped personality development.
- The need for security, not sex, is the primary motivator in human existence.
- Psychological health involves expressing talents and abilities freely.
Adler's Individual Psychology
- People are motivated by purposes and goals, striving for superiority and perfection.
- Adler believed that birth order influences personality in distinct ways.
- He viewed the firstborn as potentially vulnerable, middle children as often in a favorable position, youngest children potentially spoiled, etc..
Carl Rogers' Humanistic Approach
- Emphasizes personal growth, potential, and positive human qualities.
- Rogers believed that individuals possess an innate capacity for personal growth and thrive when provided with unconditional positive regard.
- Conditions of worth, or standards individuals believe must be met to gain positive regard, often alienate us from our genuine desires and create unhappiness.
- Essential for healthy relationships; these qualities include empathy and unconditional positive regard.
Measurement of Personality
-
Psychologists use various methods to assess personality:
- Personal Interview
- Direct Observation
- Objective Tests
- Projective Tests
-
Objective Tests:
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
- NEO-PI-R
-
Projective Tests:
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Description
Explore the intricate world of personality in this quiz, which delves into various psychological theories such as psychoanalysis, humanistic approaches, and more. You will learn about the defining characteristics of personality and the tools psychologists use to measure it. Test your knowledge on key figures like Freud and their contributions to understanding personality.
