Questions and Answers
What method did Titchener extend to include thoughts beyond physical sensations?
Who was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in 1894?
What was one reason for the decline of Structuralism in the early 1900s?
What did William James emphasize in his approach known as functionalism?
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Which influential textbook was authored by William James?
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Which research did Kenneth and Mamie Clark conduct that had legal implications?
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Who is considered the father of African American psychology?
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What concept did James apply from Charles Darwin’s theory to behavior?
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In which year did Margaret F. Washburn publish her significant work 'The Animal Mind'?
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What was a significant barrier faced by Mary Whiton Calkins in her academic career?
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What does psychology scientifically study?
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Why do psychologists use a systematic approach in their research?
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Who is known as 'The Father of Psychology'?
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What was the primary focus of Edward Titchener's structuralism?
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What research method did Wilhelm Wundt primarily use?
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What aspect of psychology is emphasized by the term 'mental processes'?
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Which of the following describes 'objective introspection'?
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Which statement best summarizes the contributions of Edward Titchener to psychology?
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Study Notes
Overview of Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals, encompassing outward actions and internal thoughts.
- It has a history of 140 years and utilizes systematic observation to mitigate biases during research.
Key Concepts
- Behavior: Outward or overt actions and reactions, including talking and movement.
- Mental Processes: Internal, covert activities such as thinking and feeling.
Foundational Figures
- Wilhelm Wundt: Known as "The Father of Psychology," he established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, focusing on consciousness and conscious experience through introspection.
- Edward Titchener: A student of Wundt who introduced structuralism in the U.S. at Cornell, emphasizing the breakdown of mental components through introspection, extending it to thoughts beyond physical sensations.
Women in Early Psychology
- Margaret F. Washburn: First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in 1894, published "The Animal Mind," significant for animal behavior studies.
Evolution of Psychological Schools
- Structuralism dominated early psychology but faced decline due to internal disagreements, paving the way for functionalism and behaviorism.
- William James: A prominent figure in functionalism at Harvard, he emphasized consciousness as a continuous stream essential for adaptation to the environment, influenced by Darwin's natural selection theory.
Notable Contributions by Women
- Mary Whiton Calkins: Completed her Ph.D. requirements at Harvard but was denied the degree due to her gender. Established a laboratory at Wellesley College and became the first female APA president in 1905.
Contributions of Marginalized Groups
- Francis Cecil Sumner: First African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in 1920, recognized as the father of African American psychology.
- Kenneth and Mamie Clark: Their research illustrated the negative impacts of school segregation on African American children, influencing the Brown v. Board of Education case.
- George (Jorge) Sanchez: Investigated cultural biases in intelligence testing during the 1940s.
Other Notable Figures
- Dr. Charles Henry Thompson: First African American to obtain a doctorate in educational psychology in 1925.
- Dr. Albert Sidney Beckham: Worked as a senior assistant psychologist, notably involved in child psychology and mental hygiene initiatives.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of psychology, including the study of behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals. This quiz will dive into the scientific methods used to understand psychological phenomena and the intricate workings of the mind. Discover the key terms and definitions essential for a solid understanding of the field.
