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What is classical conditioning?
What is classical conditioning?
Personality is defined as thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that vary greatly over time and different situations.
Personality is defined as thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that vary greatly over time and different situations.
False
What does epigenetics study?
What does epigenetics study?
The study of how the environment and other factors can change the way genes are expressed.
A strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is known as a __________.
A strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is known as a __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the primary focus of the 'describe' goal in psychology?
What is the primary focus of the 'describe' goal in psychology?
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The control goal of psychology is primarily concerned with predicting human behavior.
The control goal of psychology is primarily concerned with predicting human behavior.
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What do psychologists attempt to do once they have described a specific behavior?
What do psychologists attempt to do once they have described a specific behavior?
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The goal of psychology that seeks to form patterns of behavior based on past actions is called ______.
The goal of psychology that seeks to form patterns of behavior based on past actions is called ______.
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Match the following goals of psychology with their definitions:
Match the following goals of psychology with their definitions:
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Which goal of psychology involves rigorous tests and scientific experiments to understand behavior?
Which goal of psychology involves rigorous tests and scientific experiments to understand behavior?
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Psychologists utilize only one perspective when studying human behavior.
Psychologists utilize only one perspective when studying human behavior.
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What term describes returning to an earlier stage of development in response to stress?
What term describes returning to an earlier stage of development in response to stress?
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Sublimation involves channeling unacceptable urges into productive outlets.
Sublimation involves channeling unacceptable urges into productive outlets.
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Name one way the unconscious mind can influence behavior.
Name one way the unconscious mind can influence behavior.
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Learning can be conditioned through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and __________.
Learning can be conditioned through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and __________.
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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What was the central focus of the behavioral perspective in psychology?
What was the central focus of the behavioral perspective in psychology?
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Behaviorists disregard the influence of environmental response in learning.
Behaviorists disregard the influence of environmental response in learning.
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What could represent a negative influence from the unconscious mind on behavior?
What could represent a negative influence from the unconscious mind on behavior?
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The behavioral learning theory emerged as a reaction against __________ psychology.
The behavioral learning theory emerged as a reaction against __________ psychology.
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Which of the following is NOT a way the unconscious mind can affect behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a way the unconscious mind can affect behavior?
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What role does the ego serve when there is a conflict between the id and superego?
What role does the ego serve when there is a conflict between the id and superego?
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Defense mechanisms are consciously employed to manage stress and conflict.
Defense mechanisms are consciously employed to manage stress and conflict.
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What is an example of repression?
What is an example of repression?
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The defense mechanism that involves refusing to accept reality is called __________.
The defense mechanism that involves refusing to accept reality is called __________.
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Match the defense mechanism with its correct definition:
Match the defense mechanism with its correct definition:
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Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable feelings to another person?
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable feelings to another person?
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Chronic defense mechanisms can create difficulties in mental health disorders.
Chronic defense mechanisms can create difficulties in mental health disorders.
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What does Freud label the processes the ego uses to protect itself from stress?
What does Freud label the processes the ego uses to protect itself from stress?
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John has been cheating on Jane but insists that Jane is the one cheating. This is an example of __________.
John has been cheating on Jane but insists that Jane is the one cheating. This is an example of __________.
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Why are defense mechanisms described as both fascinating and important?
Why are defense mechanisms described as both fascinating and important?
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What is operant conditioning primarily focused on?
What is operant conditioning primarily focused on?
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Classical conditioning can involve a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a response on its own.
Classical conditioning can involve a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a response on its own.
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Who conducted the famous experiments with dogs to study salivation?
Who conducted the famous experiments with dogs to study salivation?
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Desired behaviors are reinforced through _______.
Desired behaviors are reinforced through _______.
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What was the primary observation that led Pavlov to develop his theory of classical conditioning?
What was the primary observation that led Pavlov to develop his theory of classical conditioning?
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In behavioral psychology, mental states are considered crucial for understanding behavior.
In behavioral psychology, mental states are considered crucial for understanding behavior.
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What happens to undesired behaviors in operant conditioning?
What happens to undesired behaviors in operant conditioning?
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In Pavlov's experiments, the bell was a _______ stimulus initially.
In Pavlov's experiments, the bell was a _______ stimulus initially.
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Which of the following best describes the results of Pavlov's conditioning experiments?
Which of the following best describes the results of Pavlov's conditioning experiments?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology studies how humans think, feel, and behave using scientific methods.
- Psychologists apply this knowledge to help people understand, explain, and change behavior.
- Psychologists engage in research, practice, and teaching across many topics related to human thought, feelings, and behaviors.
- Some psychologists work in university research and teaching positions, while others work as practitioners in various settings.
Careers in Psychology
- Developmental, clinical, counseling, and educational psychologists are different types of psychologists.
Wilhelm Wundt
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German scientist considered the first psychologist.
- He viewed psychology as the scientific study of conscious experience.
- Wundt believed psychology's goal was to identify the components of consciousness and how they combine to create our experience.
- His approach, introspection, involved examining one's own conscious experience as objectively as possible, using specific experimental conditions.
Is Introspection Scientific?
- Introspection, though used by Wundt and colleagues, is unreliable.
- Results vary greatly between individuals due to subjective interpretation.
- The data collected is often non-observable by outsiders.
The Four Goals of Psychology
- Describing behavior (what people do)
- Explaining behavior (why they do it)
- Predicting behavior (what will happen)
- Changing behavior (how to influence it)
Perspectives in Psychology
- Perspective is how you see behavior.
- Approach is the strategy psychologists use to understand behavior.
- Psychologists use various perspectives, including psychoanalytic, behavioral, and more.
Psychoanalytic/Dynamic Perspective
- This perspective emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in explaining human behavior.
- It focuses on childhood experiences influencing adult personality.
- Sigmund Freud developed this perspective.
Conscious and Unconscious Mind
- Conscious mind: information we are aware of.
- Unconscious mind: thoughts, feelings, and memories outside of conscious awareness.
Structure of Personality
- Id: pleasure principle (seeking gratification)
- Ego: reality principle (meeting demands of the id in a safe, acceptable way)
- Superego: moral standards (influencing behavior with socially acceptable standards).
Defense Mechanisms
- Mental processes used to protect the ego from overwhelming stress.
- Used unconsciously to cope with unwanted thoughts/emotions, thoughts that cause distress.
How the Unconscious Mind Affects Behavior
- Unconscious elements like feelings, anger, and past experiences affect behavior.
- Many factors contribute to behavior.
Learning through Consequences
- Learning is an active and responsive process, shaped by environmental responses.
- Behavior is learned by associating it with positive or negative reinforcement.
Behavioral Perspective
- Behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and actions.
- They focus on environmental stimuli for altering behavior and do not consider mental processes.
- They consider learning to occur through classical and operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
- Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (natural stimulus).
- Eventually the neutral stimulus alone becomes a conditioned stimulus that triggers the unconditioned response.
Pavlov's Dogs
- Pavlov's experiment demonstrating classical conditioning.
- Dogs salivated at the sounds of a bell after associating it with food that used to trigger salivation.
Behaviorists and Classical Conditioning
- The conditioned stimulus (bell) will eventually lead to a conditioned response (salivation)
- Classical conditioning plays a significant role in explaining phobias, and fears.
Personality
- Personality comprises stable, consistent thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
- Personality traits are these characteristics.
- Personality is shaped across the lifespan through nature(genes) and nurture (environment).
Nature and Nurture
- Nature refers to the role of genes in behavior and personality.
- Nurture refers to the impact of environmental factors on behavior and personality.
Epigenetics
- Study of how environmental factors modify how genes are expressed.
- Trauma can chemically alter the body, even impacting future generations.
Defining Trauma
- Trauma is a highly distressing and overwhelming event.
- The impact of trauma is individual and subjective, depending on how the person interprets it.
- Different categories of trauma exist
Categorizing Trauma
- Acute: single traumatic event.
- Chronic: prolonged or repeated exposure.
- Complex: varied traumatic exposures usually during childhood.
Impact of Trauma on Personality
- Trauma can significantly affect personality traits.
- Stable traits can be changed, which is influenced by understanding that our experiences shape us.
How Trauma Changes Personality Traits
- Various psychological changes can occur due to trauma.
Healing and Personality Reintegration
- Trauma-related changes in personality do not always mean permanent alteration.
- Psychotherapy, such as CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), or EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) are commonly used to treat trauma.
- These forms of therapy help process trauma and reestablish control and safety.
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Description
This quiz explores the foundational concepts of psychology, including its definitions, methods, and the various careers available in the field. Learn about significant figures such as Wilhelm Wundt and the evolution of psychology as a scientific discipline. Test your knowledge on key concepts related to human thought, feelings, and behavior.
