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Questions and Answers
One of the reasons for using animals in research is because of the principle of parsimony.
One of the reasons for using animals in research is because of the principle of parsimony.
True
Darwin's theory of evolution states that humans evolved from animals.
Darwin's theory of evolution states that humans evolved from animals.
False
Overt behavior refers to unobservable actions or feelings.
Overt behavior refers to unobservable actions or feelings.
False
In psychology, a scientific theory is a proven fact.
In psychology, a scientific theory is a proven fact.
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The scientific method involves defining a problem and operationally defining terms, constructs, and variables.
The scientific method involves defining a problem and operationally defining terms, constructs, and variables.
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A literature review involves only reading recent research articles.
A literature review involves only reading recent research articles.
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A hypothesis is formulated after conducting the study.
A hypothesis is formulated after conducting the study.
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Attrition is a common problem when using animals in research.
Attrition is a common problem when using animals in research.
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The word 'psychology' comes from two Latin words.
The word 'psychology' comes from two Latin words.
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Psychology has its roots in biology and chemistry.
Psychology has its roots in biology and chemistry.
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A testable hypothesis must be formulated imprecisely and the variables under study must be vaguely defined.
A testable hypothesis must be formulated imprecisely and the variables under study must be vaguely defined.
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Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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Plato and Aristotle did not write about human behavior and mental processes.
Plato and Aristotle did not write about human behavior and mental processes.
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Researchers use only one data collection technique to test hypotheses.
Researchers use only one data collection technique to test hypotheses.
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Wilhelm Wundt founded the second psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany.
Wilhelm Wundt founded the second psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany.
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Statistical analysis is only used to support the researcher’s hypothesis.
Statistical analysis is only used to support the researcher’s hypothesis.
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Research findings should not be shared with the general public.
Research findings should not be shared with the general public.
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Wundt believed that all mental processes could be studied through scientific experiments.
Wundt believed that all mental processes could be studied through scientific experiments.
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The goal of psychology is to study, understand, and predict behavior.
The goal of psychology is to study, understand, and predict behavior.
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Wundt was primarily interested in memory and visual attention.
Wundt was primarily interested in memory and visual attention.
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Operational definitions are used to introduce vagueness or ambiguity in terms.
Operational definitions are used to introduce vagueness or ambiguity in terms.
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Wundt used determinism to describe his views of psychology.
Wundt used determinism to describe his views of psychology.
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Psychology only aims to describe why the act occurs.
Psychology only aims to describe why the act occurs.
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Prediction is not a goal of psychology.
Prediction is not a goal of psychology.
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Structuralism is a theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment.
Structuralism is a theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment.
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Behaviorism is the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
Behaviorism is the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
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Gestalt psychology is the theory of how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns.
Gestalt psychology is the theory of how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns.
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Humanistic psychology focuses on the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
Humanistic psychology focuses on the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
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Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
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Positive psychology focuses on the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
Positive psychology focuses on the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
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Ivan Pavlov's experiment was related to behaviorism.
Ivan Pavlov's experiment was related to behaviorism.
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Psychodynamic theories contend that behavior results from psychological factors that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.
Psychodynamic theories contend that behavior results from psychological factors that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.
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Developmental psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the study of the human mind and behavior across the lifespan.
Developmental psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the study of the human mind and behavior across the lifespan.
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Parapsychology is a branch of psychology that studies telepathy, psychokinesis, and clairvoyance.
Parapsychology is a branch of psychology that studies telepathy, psychokinesis, and clairvoyance.
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Counseling psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses.
Counseling psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses.
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Graphology is a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between handwriting and personality.
Graphology is a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between handwriting and personality.
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Health psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the psychological factors that contribute to physical health and illness.
Health psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the psychological factors that contribute to physical health and illness.
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Pseudo psychology refers to the study of the human mind and behavior using scientific methods and evidence.
Pseudo psychology refers to the study of the human mind and behavior using scientific methods and evidence.
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Telepathy is the ability to acquire information about an object, person, or location without using known senses.
Telepathy is the ability to acquire information about an object, person, or location without using known senses.
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Psychokinesis is the ability to influence a physical system without physical interaction.
Psychokinesis is the ability to influence a physical system without physical interaction.
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Study Notes
Definition of Psychology
- Comes from two Greek words: psyche (mind, spirit, or soul) and logos (subject of study)
- Defined as the study of behavior and mental processes
History of Psychology
- Has its roots in physiology and philosophy
- Divided into three main stages: emergence of a science of the mind, behaviorist decades, and cognitive revolution
- Founded as a formal, scientific discipline in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt
- Wundt's contributions: founded the first psychological laboratory, studied immediate experiences, and developed ways to study scientifically
Types of Behavior
- Overt behavior: observable acts or actions
- Covert behavior: unobservable behavior, inferred from overt behavior
The Study of Animals
- Animals behave similarly to humans
- Principle of parsimony: studying animals is simpler than studying humans
- Darwin's theory of evolution: humans evolved from apes
- Ethical issues: informed consent, debriefing, and attrition
Goals of Psychology
- Describe: study behavior, understand behavior, and predict behavior
- Explain: why an act occurs, establishing cause and effect
- Predict: can we predict the event?
Characteristics of Science
- Empirical: knowledge based on research and observation
- Accumulation of facts and generalization
- Body of theory: systematizing, organizing, or explaining observations
- Scientific method: defining a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, data collection, analyzing data, and reporting findings
Branches of Psychology
- Structuralism: identifying basic elements of perspective and how they combine
- Functionalism: how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment
- Psychodynamic theories: unconscious conflicts, motives, and desires governing behavior
- Behaviorism: study of observable and measurable behaviors
- Gestalt Psychology: perceiving and experiencing objects as whole patterns
- Humanistic Psychology: nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness
- Cognitive Psychology: study of mental processes
- Positive Psychology: focus on positive experiences, self-determination, and flourishing
Fields of Psychology
- Developmental psychology
- Social psychology
- Experimental psychology
- Physiological psychology
- Cognitive psychology
- Personality psychology
- Psychometrics
- Clinical psychology
- Counseling psychology
- Educational psychology
- School psychology
- Industrial or organizational psychology
- Environmental psychology
- Comparative psychology
- Health psychology
- Neuropsychology
- Physiological/biological psychology
Parapsychology and Pseudo Psychology
- Parapsychology: study or assertion beyond the field of science or observation
- Examples: telepathy, psychokinesis, clairvoyance, precognition
- Pseudo psychology: false psychology, does not adhere to scientific standards
- Examples: graphology, astrology, phrenology, and palmistry
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Description
Learn about the definition and history of psychology, including its roots, main stages, and founders. Discover the contributions of Wilhelm Wundt and the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.
