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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of psychology as defined in the content?
What is the primary focus of psychology as defined in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychology?
What does basic (pure) research aim to achieve?
What does basic (pure) research aim to achieve?
Which process is essential for a satisfactory psychological theory?
Which process is essential for a satisfactory psychological theory?
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Which topics are included in the definition of psychology?
Which topics are included in the definition of psychology?
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Theories in psychology are primarily used for what purpose?
Theories in psychology are primarily used for what purpose?
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Applied research in psychology is designed to:
Applied research in psychology is designed to:
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Psychologists engage in various roles. Which of the following is NOT one of those roles?
Psychologists engage in various roles. Which of the following is NOT one of those roles?
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What is a key focus of contemporary neoanalysts like Karen Horney and Erik Erikson?
What is a key focus of contemporary neoanalysts like Karen Horney and Erik Erikson?
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Which area does the sociocultural perspective NOT typically examine?
Which area does the sociocultural perspective NOT typically examine?
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What was one significant finding from the research by Kenneth and Mamie Clark?
What was one significant finding from the research by Kenneth and Mamie Clark?
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According to learning theories, what is the primary focus of behaviorists like John B. Watson?
According to learning theories, what is the primary focus of behaviorists like John B. Watson?
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Which psychologist is known for revolutionizing the understanding of attachment between parents and children?
Which psychologist is known for revolutionizing the understanding of attachment between parents and children?
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What is one of the first steps in the scientific method?
What is one of the first steps in the scientific method?
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What common misconception is challenged by Jorge Sanchez's findings regarding intelligence tests?
What common misconception is challenged by Jorge Sanchez's findings regarding intelligence tests?
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How do social-cognitive theorists differ from traditional behaviorists?
How do social-cognitive theorists differ from traditional behaviorists?
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What is the primary purpose of a control group in an experiment?
What is the primary purpose of a control group in an experiment?
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Which of the following describes a double-blind study?
Which of the following describes a double-blind study?
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What is informed consent in psychological research?
What is informed consent in psychological research?
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When can deception be ethically used in psychological research?
When can deception be ethically used in psychological research?
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What role do ethics review committees play in research?
What role do ethics review committees play in research?
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What was a key finding from Alan Lang's study regarding alcohol and aggression?
What was a key finding from Alan Lang's study regarding alcohol and aggression?
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Why are animal studies sometimes necessary in psychology?
Why are animal studies sometimes necessary in psychology?
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What does confidentiality in psychological research entail?
What does confidentiality in psychological research entail?
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What is the primary purpose of using stratified sampling in research?
What is the primary purpose of using stratified sampling in research?
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What is a significant drawback of using surveys in psychological research?
What is a significant drawback of using surveys in psychological research?
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Why is volunteer bias a concern in research studies?
Why is volunteer bias a concern in research studies?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of correlation in research?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of correlation in research?
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What does the independent variable in an experiment signify?
What does the independent variable in an experiment signify?
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Which observational method is characterized by observing behavior in a natural environment without interference?
Which observational method is characterized by observing behavior in a natural environment without interference?
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What is a limitation of case studies in psychological research?
What is a limitation of case studies in psychological research?
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What does a positive correlation indicate between two variables?
What does a positive correlation indicate between two variables?
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Under what conditions may psychologists harm animals according to ethical guidelines?
Under what conditions may psychologists harm animals according to ethical guidelines?
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What is a primary goal of critical thinking in psychology?
What is a primary goal of critical thinking in psychology?
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Which of the following represents a principle of critical thinking?
Which of the following represents a principle of critical thinking?
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What should psychologists do when they encounter anecdotal evidence?
What should psychologists do when they encounter anecdotal evidence?
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Which of the following best describes the necessity of animal research in psychology?
Which of the following best describes the necessity of animal research in psychology?
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Why is it important to examine definitions of terms in critical thinking?
Why is it important to examine definitions of terms in critical thinking?
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What is a common mistake in drawing conclusions based on evidence?
What is a common mistake in drawing conclusions based on evidence?
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What role does skepticism play within the principles of critical thinking?
What role does skepticism play within the principles of critical thinking?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology: Module 1
- Learning outcomes focus on the mission, vision, and core values of the institution, historical interactions between science & technology and society, the impact of scientific developments on society and the environment, and presenting contributions of science and technology.
Definition and Goals of Psychology
- Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, including areas like the nervous system, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and social behavior.
- Goals of psychology include describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior and mental processes.
Psychodynamic Perspective
- Originated from Freud's theories, focusing on unconscious processes in the mid-20th century.
- Contemporary perspectives emphasize conscious choice and self-direction, supported by neoanalysts like Karen Horney and Erik Erikson.
Learning Perspectives
- Behaviorists, such as John B. Watson, study environmental influences and behavior through habit formation and reinforcement.
- Social-cognitive theorists emphasize intentional learning through observation and environmental modification.
Sociocultural Perspective
- Examines the impact of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes.
- Key research includes:
- Kenneth and Mamie Clark's work on school segregation's effects on African American children.
- Jorge Sanchez's findings on cultural bias in intelligence tests against Mexican American children.
- Contributions from women like Mary Whiton Calkins and Mary Ainsworth regarding memory studies and attachment theory.
Research Methodology in Psychology
- Psychologists apply the scientific method to systematically observe and measure behavior.
- A well-represented sample is essential for generalizing findings. For example, using phone surveys during the Great Depression led to biased results.
Sampling Techniques
- Random sampling provides equal selection chances for each population member.
- Stratified sampling ensures subgroups are proportionately represented.
Volunteer Bias
- Occurs when participants differ systematically from non-participants, influencing research results.
Research Methods
- Personal observations are often unreliable; controlled methods are preferred.
- Methods include:
- Case Study: Detailed information on individuals/groups, useful but may introduce inaccuracies.
- Survey: Gather data through questionnaires and interviews, risks false reporting or social desirability bias.
- Naturalistic Observation: Studies behavior in natural settings unobtrusively.
Correlation and Experimental Methods
- Correlation assesses relationships between variables but does not imply causation.
- The experimental method is key for determining cause-effect relationships, identifying independent (manipulated) and dependent (measured) variables.
- Use of control groups, and blinding procedures reduces bias, exemplified by studies on alcohol's effects on aggression.
Ethics in Psychological Research
- Ethical standards protect individual dignity, welfare, and scientific integrity, prohibiting harmful methods.
- Informed consent, confidentiality, and debriefing are crucial when working with human subjects.
- Ethical reviews ensure research proposals meet ethical guidelines before approval.
Critical Thinking in Psychology
- Essential for evaluating evidence and research validity, critical thinking involves:
- Skepticism towards accepted beliefs and evidence.
- Requesting substantial evidence for claims.
- Examining assumptions and definitions.
- Ensuring careful interpretation of conclusions.
- Recognizing the complexity in human behavior and considering alternative explanations.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of psychology in Module 1. This quiz includes reflections on institutional values and discussions on the historical interactions between science, technology, and society. Dive into how scientific advancements shape our environment and societal structures.