Introduction to Psychology

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What is the primary focus of psychology?

The study of philosophy and ethics

The science of behavior and mental processes (correct)

The investigation of consciousness only

The examination of physiological changes

Who is considered the 'Father of Psychology'?

Wilhelm Wundt (correct)

Edward Titchener

William James

Sigmund Freud

Which method did Edward Titchener use to explore the basic elements of consciousness?

Surveys and questionnaires

Experimental testing

Observation of behavior

Introspection (correct)

What concept did Functionalism primarily seek to address?

The reasons behind mental processes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of 'Stream of consciousness'?

Consciousness is an unending flow that cannot be fully captured. Signup and view all the answers

What is psychology primarily concerned with?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of psychology?

Analyze Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a psychiatrist from other psychology professionals?

They have a medical degree and can prescribe medication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'behavior' in the context of psychology?

Any observable action or response of an organism Signup and view all the answers

What level of education is typically required for a PhD in psychology?

Higher than a Master's degree Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologists are primarily associated with Gestalt psychology?

Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka Signup and view all the answers

What foundational principle is central to Gestalt psychology?

The whole is more than its parts. Signup and view all the answers

Gestalt psychology is primarily a response to which earlier psychological schools?

Structuralism and Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas did Gestalt psychologists particularly focus on?

Perceptual experiences and illusions Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of philosophy does Gestalt psychology embody?

The importance of context in perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of the scientific method?

Observing Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines a hypothesis?

A specific, testable question derived from a theory Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the scientific method, what does replication mean?

Obtaining similar results by different researchers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a theory within the scientific method?

To organize and simplify observed data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about scientific theories?

They provide frameworks for future research and hypothesis development Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of biological psychology?

The nervous system and its impact on behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does evolutionary psychology emphasize?

Natural selection and adaptation Signup and view all the answers

Cultural psychology investigates how behavior is influenced by what?

Cultural context and upbringing Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of psychology is primarily concerned with what you can do?

Psychology and learning Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement contributed to the re-emergence of biological psychology in the 1980s?

Advanced neuroimaging techniques Signup and view all the answers

What was John Watson's main contribution to psychology?

Promoting the study of observable behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to Humanistic Psychology?

The actualizing tendency Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the cognitive revolution in psychology during the late 1950s and early 1960s?

A shift towards studying human thought processes Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is known for highlighting the importance of childhood and unconscious conflicts?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

Which school of thought is associated with the concept of 'self-actualization'?

Humanistic Psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process involved in inductive reasoning?

Identifying patterns from specific observations Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence accurately describes the deductive reasoning process?

Theory → Hypothesis → Observe → Conclusion Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of inductive reasoning?

It develops theories from specific instances Signup and view all the answers

How does deductive reasoning typically begin?

With a theory or general principle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the flow of inductive reasoning?

Specific → General → Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using random samples in research?

Lack of ecological validity Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of descriptive studies?

They cannot determine cause and effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common issue with surveys and interviews?

Participants may lie or be dishonest Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage associated with case studies?

They cannot be generalized to the entire population Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of naturalistic observation?

It provides insight but lacks causation determination Signup and view all the answers

What is hindsight bias?

The tendency to believe we would have foreseen an outcome after learning what it is Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the scientific method represents a testable prediction?

Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What role does overconfidence play in judgment according to hindsight bias?

It encourages seeking information that aligns with existing beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What is a theory in the context of the scientific method?

An integrated set of principles that organizes observations Signup and view all the answers

What does the tendency to perceive patterns in random events lead to?

Underestimating the role of chance Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between independent and dependent variables?

Independent variables are the causes of effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the role of the experimental condition in research?

Participants experience a treatment based on the independent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What does a random sample ensure in research?

Every individual has an equal chance of being selected. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the main goal of the scientific method in psychology?

To determine cause-and-effect relationships through controlled observations. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is primarily associated with the development of functionalism?

William James Signup and view all the answers