Introduction to Psychology
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How did Darwin's theory of evolution influence the development of functionalism?

  • It emphasized the importance of observable behavior over mental processes.
  • It suggested that mental processes evolve to aid adaptation and survival. (correct)
  • It led to the development of introspection as the primary research method.
  • It provided a framework for understanding the structure of consciousness.

Functionalism primarily focuses on understanding the components of consciousness rather than its purpose.

False (B)

Besides introspection, what other research method did functionalists commonly employ to study behavior and mental processes?

experimentation

According to William James, the function of consciousness is to help humans ________ to their environment for survival.

<p>adapt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychologists with their associated school of thought:

<p>William James = Functionalism John B. Watson = Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept, crucial to social stability and predictability, do adaptive behaviors evolve into when repeated frequently, according to functionalism?

<p>Habits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behaviorism as a school of psychology?

<p>Studying observable behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the subfield within functionalism that examines similarities and differences between species to understand adaptive behaviors?

<p>comparative psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of systematic methods in psychology?

<p>They ensure that personal biases do not influence observations and conclusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychology relies solely on personal observations without the need for scientific evidence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of overt behaviors in psychological studies?

<p>They can be directly observed and measured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'psyche,' from which the word 'psychology' is derived, refers to the ______ or soul.

<p>mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain the empirical nature of psychology and why it is important.

<p>Psychology relies on measurable and observable data to ensure that conclusions are based on evidence rather than speculation. This is important for validity and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a covert behavior?

<p>Dreaming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unconscious processes are easily accessible and intentionally performed by an individual.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Behavior = Actions and reactions to internal or external stimuli. Overt = Actions that can be directly observed. Covert = Mental processes that are indirectly observed. Conscious = Occurs within a person's awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions is most relevant to the 'explanation' goal of psychology?

<p>Why did the subject behave in a particular way? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to empiricists like John Locke, all ideas are innate and present at birth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is generally considered the beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt opening the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main goal of the 'control' aspect of psychology is to improve life in a ______ manner.

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the view of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes?

<p>Mental life is comprised of ideas that arise from sensory experience and perception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following German psychologists with their area of study:

<p>Weber = Muscle sense Helmholz = Vision and hearing Fechner = Visual discrimination and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the goals of psychology, what can speculation about future behavior be based?

<p>Past behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rene Descartes believed that the interaction between the mind and body occurred in the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Gestalt psychology's primary focus?

<p>Understanding conscious experience as an organized whole. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gestalt psychologists favored objective and controlled experimental methods over subjective observations of conscious experience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gestalt psychology, where does the mind arise from?

<p>the whole pattern of sensory activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gestalt psychology significantly influenced contemporary psychology in the areas of perception and ______.

<p>problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what century was psychology first introduced as coursework in Philippine higher education?

<p>17th century (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The University of the Philippines was the first institution to offer doctoral degrees in Psychology in the Philippines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which university first established a Department of Psychology, marking psychology as an independent academic discipline in the Philippines?

<p>University of the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first psychologist to lead the UP Department of Psychology, significantly influencing its development as an academic field?

<p>Agustin Alonzo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is best known for establishing one of the first professional psychological services in the Philippines?

<p>Jesus Perpiñan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Estefania Aldaba-Lim was the first Filipino to earn a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization, established in 1962, focuses on providing psychological assessments and services in the Philippines?

<p>Philippine Psychological Corporation (PPC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1975, Virgilio Enriquez developed _______________ which emphasizes indigenous Filipino values and cultural perspectives.

<p>Sikolohiyang Pilipino</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas was NOT one of the initial focuses of psychological practices in the Philippines?

<p>Industrial Psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Psychology Law of 2009 (RA 10029) in the Philippines?

<p>It officially recognized psychology as a regulated profession, requiring licensure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Filipino psychologists with their contributions:

<p>Jesus Perpiñan = Established FEU Psychological Clinic Angel de Blas = Founded the Experimental Psychology Laboratory at UST Alfredo Lagmay = Served as Chairman of the UP Department of Psychology for 22 years Jaime Bulatao, S.J. = Established the Department of Psychology at Ateneo de Manila University</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was founded in 1962 to set ethical and professional standards for Filipino psychologists?

<p>Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of the behaviorist perspective in psychology?

<p>How the environment shapes behavior through learning and experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive perspective in psychology suggests that internal mental processes are directly observable and easily measured.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two sub-fields of psychology that have seen expansion in recent years.

<p>Forensic psychology and industrial-organizational psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mental Health Act (RA 11036) passed in 2018, has led to a growing focus on __________ __________ __________.

<p>mental health advocacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological perspective with its primary area of focus:

<p>Physiological Perspective = Biological processes influencing behavior Socio-Cultural Perspective = Impact of social and cultural factors on thoughts Behaviorist Perspective = Environmental factors shaping behavior Cognitive Perspective = Internal mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the understanding of thoughts influence emotions and actions?

<p>Cognitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The physiological perspective disregards the importance of the hormonal system in shaping behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did technology get integrated into psychology?

<p>Teletherapy and online counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Origin of Psychology

The word 'Psychology' comes from Greek 'psyche' (mind/soul) and 'logos' (study).

Definition of Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Scientific Method in Psychology

Psychology uses systematic methods to study behavior and mental processes to avoid biases.

Empirical Nature of Psychology

Psychology is empirical, based on measurable and observable data.

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Behavior

Behavior includes all actions, reactions, or responses of an organism that can be directly observed.

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Overt Behavior

Overt behavior refers to actions that can be directly observed, like speaking or walking.

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Covert Behavior

Covert behavior refers to mental processes that cannot be directly observed, like thinking and feeling.

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Conscious vs Unconscious

Conscious actions are within awareness and intentional, while unconscious influences behavior without awareness.

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Functionalism

A psychological approach focusing on the purpose and functions of mental processes.

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Adaptation in psychology

Understanding how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

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Charles Darwin's influence

Darwin's theory of evolution inspired functionalists about mental processes and adaptation.

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William James

The leading functionalist who believed consciousness aids in survival.

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Function of consciousness

Consciousness helps humans adapt to their environment for survival.

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Introspection in functionalism

Functionalists used introspection and experimentation to study mental processes.

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Behaviorism

A school of psychology that focuses on observable behavior only.

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John B. Watson

A key figure in the development of behaviorism, focusing on observable behavior.

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Explanation in Psychology

Understanding the reasons behind behaviors and their influencing factors.

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Theory

General explanation of observations or facts within psychology.

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Prediction

Speculating future behavior based on past actions.

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Control in Psychology

Exerting influence to improve behaviors and prevent negative outcomes.

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Interactive Dualism

Descartes' idea that mind and body interact, primarily through the brain.

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Empiricism

Belief that knowledge arises from sensory experience and interaction with the environment.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Opened the first psychological lab in 1879, marking psychology as a science.

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German Psychologists

Researchers who contributed significantly to early psychology, e.g., Weber, Helmholtz, Fechner.

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Against Behaviorism

A rejection of behaviorists' focus solely on observable behavior, highlighting the importance of conscious experience.

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Gestalt Psychology

A theory emphasizing that the mind organizes sensory information into holistic patterns, rather than as isolated elements.

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Conscious Experience

An individual's subjective perception and understanding of sensory information and relationships.

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Holistic Understanding

An approach prioritizing the understanding of conscious experience as a whole rather than in separate parts.

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Subjective Observations

Personal reports and interpretations of experiences, often criticized for being less objective.

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Formal Recognition of Psychology

In 1926, psychology became recognized as an independent academic discipline separate from philosophy.

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Agustin Alonzo

First psychologist to lead the UP Department of Psychology, important in developing the field in the Philippines.

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Sinforoso Padilla

First Filipino to earn a doctorate degree in psychology, marking a milestone in local education.

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Jesus Perpiñan

Founder of the Guidance Movement in the Philippines; established FEU Psychological Clinic.

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Angel de Blas

Founded the Experimental Psychology Laboratory at UST, advancing behavior study.

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Estefania Aldaba-Lim

First Filipino with a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Michigan, an advocate for mental health.

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Alfredo Lagmay

Chairman of UP Department of Psychology for 22 years; key in experimental psychology and research.

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Jaime Bulatao, S.J.

Established the Department of Psychology at Ateneo de Manila University; focused on Filipino psychology.

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Psychological Testing

Used in education and clinical settings for intelligence and personality assessment.

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Counseling Psychology

Part of the guidance movement to assist individuals with academic and personal issues.

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Psychology Law of 2009

Official recognition of psychology as a regulated profession, requiring licensure for psychologists.

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Forensic Psychology

A branch of psychology that applies psychological principles to legal issues and criminal behavior.

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Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Field of psychology that focuses on behavior in workplace settings and how to improve employee performance and well-being.

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Mental Health Advocacy

Efforts aimed at improving mental health awareness and support, often influenced by legislation like the Mental Health Act.

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Teletherapy

A form of therapy conducted via digital platforms, allowing remote mental health support.

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Physiological Perspective

An approach explaining behavior through biological processes, emphasizing brain and nervous system influence.

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Behaviorist Perspective

Focuses on how environmental factors shape behavior through observable learning, ignoring internal processes.

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Cognitive Perspective

Emphasizes the importance of internal mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving in understanding behavior.

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Socio-Cultural Perspective

Examines how social and cultural factors influence behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
  • It uses systematic methods to study behavior and mental processes.
  • Psychology's methods are carefully planned and conducted to avoid biases, leading to accurate observations.
  • Behavior is observable actions, reactions, or responses to internal or external stimuli.
  • Mental processes are internal cognitive functions, including thinking, perceiving, remembering and feeling.

The Essence of Psychology

  • Overt behavior: Observable actions like speaking, walking or eating. Interpreted in terms of psychological disorders, stress or cultural differences.
  • Covert behavior: Mental processes - thinking, dreaming, feeling. Inferred from observable actions and neurobiological data.
  • Voluntary behavior: Controlled by the somatic nervous system, responsible for skeletal muscle movements.
  • Involuntary behavior: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system, responsible for automatic functions like heart rate and digestion.
  • Conscious behavior: Actions performed within a person's awareness, intentionally performed like decision-making.
  • Unconscious behavior: Unaccessible to conscious mind, but affects behavior, like emotions.
  • Rational behavior: Logical, socially and culturally accepted actions.
  • Irrational behavior: Actions that deviate from social norms; possibly linked to psychological disorders, stress or cultural differences.

Psychology's Origins and Meaning

  • Psychology comes from Greek words "psyche" (mind/soul) and "logos" (study/line of teaching).
  • Psychology is an empirical science, based on measurable and observable data.

Schools of Thought

  • Structuralism: Aims to identify the basic elements (sensations, images, feelings) that make up the mind. Used introspection as a research method.
  • Functionalism: Focused on the purpose and functions of mental processes for adaptation. Used observation and experimentation. Inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution.
  • Behaviorism: Focuses only on observable behavior; rejects consciousness as a topic. Behavior shaped by environmental factors. Methods include experimentation and observation.
  • Psychoanalysis: Emphasizes unconscious motives, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts in shaping personality. Methods include free association, dream analysis, and transference. Key figures include Freud.
  • Humanistic Psychology: Views humans as growth-oriented individuals with free will. Emphasizes self-actualization and personal fulfillment. Rejects scientific methods in favor of subjective experience. Prominent figures include Rogers and Maslow.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on internal mental processes. Emphasizes perception, memory, language, and problem-solving. Important to understand behavior by studying mental processes.

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Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes using systematic methods. It encompasses overt behaviors like speaking and covert behaviors like thinking. Voluntary and involuntary behaviors are controlled by different nervous systems.

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