Introduction to Psychology Emergence
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Questions and Answers

What year is recognized as the formal emergence of psychology as an independent science?

  • 1885
  • 1870
  • 1875
  • 1879 (correct)

What aspect of human experience did Wundt primarily study in the emergence of psychology?

  • Structure of mind (correct)
  • Social behavior
  • Unconscious mind
  • Cognitive development

Which author is associated with the first definition of psychology?

  • Sigmund Freud
  • Rudolph Bagg (correct)
  • John Watson
  • William James

What major aspect did early definitions of psychology focus on?

<p>Behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In medieval times, which term was predominantly used to define psychology?

<p>Soul (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original definition of psychology?

<p>The science of the soul (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first used the term 'psychology'?

<p>Rudolf Goeckle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period was psychology primarily linked to philosophy?

<p>Ancient times (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism arose regarding the term 'soul' during the Middle Ages?

<p>It had various meanings and lacked clarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Dandapani (2004) suggest about beliefs in concepts like 'Soul, Mind and Consciousness'?

<p>They were naive to believe in such esoteric statements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year is considered the beginning of modern psychology?

<p>1879 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is traditionally recognized as the founder of modern psychology?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which two Greek words is the term 'psychology' derived?

<p>Psyche and Logos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Wilhelm Wundt's profession before he founded the psychology laboratory?

<p>Philosophy Professor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which country was the first psychology laboratory established?

<p>Germany (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was psychology originally defined as?

<p>The science of consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect made psychology's early definitions problematic?

<p>The inability to measure the mind directly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts was criticized for being metaphysical in psychology?

<p>The soul (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did modern psychology shift its focus to?

<p>Observable behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is often credited as the father of behaviorism?

<p>John B. Watson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Watson advocate as the primary focus of psychology?

<p>The science of observable behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a critique of consciousness-based psychology?

<p>It fails to include animals in its scope. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has modern psychology evolved in regard to its subjects of study?

<p>It accepts behavior as the principle subject matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why the study of consciousness is considered problematic?

<p>It is subjective and cannot be studied objectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift occurred in the early 20th century regarding psychology's definition?

<p>Behaviorism gained prominence, prioritizing observable behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective did Watson hold regarding human and animal behavior?

<p>Observing animal behavior can provide insight into human behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author's definition emphasizes the scientific investigation of behavior from an individual standpoint?

<p>Woodworth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best reflects the modern focus on behavior within psychology?

<p>Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonality exists between the definitions given by Bagga and Singh and those from earlier psychologists?

<p>They emphasize scientific methods and behavior analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following definitions refers to psychology's consideration of biological and environmental aspects?

<p>Psychology is the study of behavior considering biological and environmental aspects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the definition by Morgan et al. (1986) emphasize about psychology?

<p>The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition of psychology includes the influence of mental and physical states on behavior?

<p>Psychology as the Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes, and its Influence by Mental and Physical States. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition is described as a concise and fundamental understanding of psychology?

<p>Psychology as the Science of Behavior and Mental Processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What focus does Baron (1999) place on the definition of psychology?

<p>Cognitive processes within behavior and mental life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common element is emphasized across the various definitions of psychology?

<p>The application of scientific investigation to understand behavior and mental processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best describes behavior as a science?

<p>A science that uses behavioral evidence to understand internal processes leading to behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are individual factors in influencing behavior primarily categorized into?

<p>Physiological and psychological (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the observable aspects of behavior?

<p>A wide range of actions, reactions, and internal responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered an influence on behavior?

<p>Personal interests and hobbies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes purposeful behavior?

<p>Behavior directed towards achieving a goal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to individual differences in behavior among people?

<p>Experiences, physiological traits, and natural tendencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural factors influence behavior?

<p>Through shared values, beliefs, and customs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a broad definition of behavior?

<p>A range of observable actions, responses, emotions, and thoughts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an environmental factor influencing behavior?

<p>Family and friends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is behavior characterized across different situations?

<p>Behavior varies but often has similarities among people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does behavior encompass according to psychologists?

<p>Actions and reactions that can be measured (B), A variety of actions including thoughts and attitudes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence behavior?

<p>Future aspirations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can be used to observe behavior?

<p>Observations through verbal behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavior includes which of the following components?

<p>Internal processes such as thoughts and feelings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the concept of behavior as discussed?

<p>Both observable and unobservable actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology's Origin

Psychology emerged as a field in the 1870s.

Psychology's roots

Psychology stemmed from philosophy and physiology.

Wilhelm Wundt

A German professor who established the first psychology lab.

1879: Psychology's Birth

Establishing a psychology lab marked a crucial moment.

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Modern Psychology's Founder

Wilhelm Wundt is recognized as modern psychology's originator.

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Psychology's emergence

Psychology became a separate field of study in 1879, distinct from philosophy.

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Wundt's focus

Wundt studied the structure of the mind, specifically conscious experiences.

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Early Psychology definition

Early psychology definitions included 'behavior' as a core aspect.

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Medieval psychology's focus

Medieval psychology centered on the concept of the soul.

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Psychology's link to philosophy

Before 1879, psychology was closely tied to philosophical ideas.

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Psychology's Evolution

Psychology's focus shifted from the soul to different concepts like the mind, consciousness, and behavior over time.

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Soul Concept Issues

Defining 'soul' created challenges due to varying interpretations and lack of empirical evidence.

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Psychology's Debate

Philosophical debates arose regarding the core focus of psychology (mind, consciousness, or behavior).

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Ancient Greek view

Psychology was seen as the science of the mind, but unmeasurable.

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Problem with Consciousness

Consciousness is personal and subjective, hard to study scientifically.

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Modern Psychology Focus

Modern psychology shifted to the study of observable behaviors.

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Behaviorism's Role

Behaviorism is study of observable behaviors.

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Early Psychology's Focus

Psychology was initially understood as the study of the mind or soul, emphasizing its role in life.

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Challenge to Studying Consciousness

The idea of consciousness as a subject of study faced challenges as it's subjective and hard to observe objectively.

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Watson's Contribution

Watson's influential work shifted the focus of psychology to observable behavior, rejecting the study of consciousness.

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Behaviorism's Core Principle

Behaviorism emphasizes that all actions, regardless of species, are learned through experience, not innate.

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Evolution of Psychology's Focus

Psychology's definition has shifted: from the soul to mental processes to observable actions.

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Psychology's Diverse Definitions

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior, its underlying mechanisms and environmental impacts.

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Modern Psychology's Scope

Psychology's definition includes studying human behavior and applying scientific principles to understand it.

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What is Psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, including both biological and environmental influences.

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Psychology's Definition (Morgan et al., 1986)

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, including how these are applied to human problems.

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Psychology's Definition (Feldman, 1996)

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, considering how the organism's physical and mental states can influence behavior.

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What is behavior? (Simple)

Behavior is the science of studying how people and animals act and think.

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Psychology's Definition (Tavris and Wade, 1997)

This definition highlights how environment and context play a role in understanding behavior.

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Psychology's Definition (Lahey, 1998)

Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes.

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Behavior's Scope

Behavior includes observable actions, such as walking or talking, and internal responses, like thoughts or feelings.

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Eysenck's Behavior Definition

Behavior is a field where evidence is used to understand the internal processes behind how people and other species act.

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Psychology's Definition (Baron, 1999)

Psychology is the science of behavior and cognitive processes.

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Culture's Influence

Cultural values, beliefs, and traditions shape and influence how people behave.

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Social Impact on Behavior

Interactions with others and relationships play a key role in shaping individual behavior.

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What is behavior?

Anything an organism does that can be observed, including actions, responses, feelings, thoughts, and internal processes.

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How is behavior observed?

Behavior can be directly observed through actions, or indirectly through verbal behavior, problem-solving, and responses to situations.

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What influences behavior?

Biological, cultural, social, environmental, and past experiences all contribute to shaping how we act.

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What are examples of behavior?

Behaviors include things like walking, talking, laughing, thinking, feeling emotions, and reacting to stimuli.

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Why study behavior?

Understanding behavior helps us understand why people and animals act the way they do, allowing us to better predict and even influence their actions.

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Individual Factors

Internal aspects that influence behavior, including physiological needs (like hunger) and psychological traits (like beliefs and attitudes).

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Environmental Factors

External influences on behavior, including physical surroundings, social groups, and cultural norms.

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Purposeful Behavior

Actions driven by a goal or intention, like seeking water when thirsty.

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Individual Differences

Variations in behavior among people, even though there are commonalities, due to factors like experiences, abilities, and natural tendencies.

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