Introduction to Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What was one of Freud's significant contributions to psychology?

  • Emphasis on the power of observable behavior
  • Psychoanalysis for treating mental disorders (correct)
  • Creation of a personality test based on dreams
  • Development of behaviorism as a scientific approach

    • How did humanistic psychology differ from Freudian approaches?

  • It emphasized the importance of unconscious influences.
  • It denied the existence of psychological disorders.
  • It focused on animal studies to understand human behavior.
  • It viewed people as inherently good and motivated to improve. (correct)

    • Which theory did Abraham Maslow contribute to humanistic psychology?

  • Theory of psychoanalysis
  • Theory of motivation (correct)
  • Theory of operant conditioning
  • Theory of classical conditioning

    • What is a notable characteristic of behaviorist research?

    <p>Restriction to studies using animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Sigmund Freud's view of human nature?

    <p>Humans are selfish and aggressive by nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is central to classical conditioning as discovered by Pavlov?

    <p>Associating a neutral stimulus with a natural response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with the humanistic perspective on societal issues?

    <p>Individuals are products of their environments and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher's view is most associated with the idea that all knowledge is gained through sensory experience?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of psychology and philosophy do both disciplines emphasize in their study of human behavior?

    <p>The interplay of biological and environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure is known for investigating the relationship between sensation and reaction time through experimental observations?

    <p>Hermann von Helmholtz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of empiricism suggests that knowledge is derived from what source?

    <p>Sensory experience and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychological studies, Gustav Fechner's method involved determining what sensory threshold?

    <p>The threshold for auditory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ghrelin play after eating?

    <p>It initiates behaviors related to hunger or satiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Central Nervous System (CNS) from the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>CNS is encased in bone, while PNS is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the supporting cells of the nervous system?

    <p>Neuroglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two steps involved in neural communication?

    <p>Electrical signaling within a neuron and chemical messaging between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?

    <p>It houses the nucleus and performs cellular maintenance tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many neurons are estimated to be present in the human nervous system?

    <p>Approximately 100 billion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of interference with the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Paralysis and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron acts as a barrier between intracellular and extracellular fluid?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does norepinephrine play in the brain?

    <p>It promotes arousal and vigilance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'peripheral nervous system' encompass?

    <p>Nerves that branch out from the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked with the brain's reward and pleasure circuits?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context do endorphins function within the body?

    <p>To modify the natural response to pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neural membrane is primarily composed of which type of materials?

    <p>Fatty materials that do not dissolve in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions in the adult mammalian brain is NOT involved in neurogenesis?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the capacity of neurons to adapt in response to their environment?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do opioids affect the body's natural endorphin system?

    <p>They bind to receptors as if they were natural endorphins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of serotonin in the nervous system?

    <p>Regulating sleep and mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the brain and spinal cord's protection?

    <p>Their protection is vital due to their roles in survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the primary focus of functionalism in psychology?

    <p>The purpose and consequences of behavior for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What central idea distinguishes Gestalt psychology from structuralism?

    <p>The focus on the whole rather than the individual parts of perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes William Wundt's contribution to psychology?

    <p>He emphasized reaction time as a measure of mental processing complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Edward Titchener's theory of structuralism build upon Wundt's ideas?

    <p>By proposing that mental experiences can be divided into three basic components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contribution of William James to the field of psychology?

    <p>He described the flow of consciousness as a 'stream' of ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that behaviors are influenced by their outcomes?

    <p>Law of effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?

    <p>The processing of information and thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective of psychology examines the influence of biological processes on behavior?

    <p>Biological psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is B.F. Skinner most associated with?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change did Ulric Neisser contribute to psychology?

    <p>He coined the term 'Cognitive Psychology'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following approaches investigates how human behaviors have been influenced by evolution?

    <p>Evolutionary psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social and personality psychology focus on which aspect of human behavior?

    <p>Individual differences and societal influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do correlations specifically measure regarding two variables?

    <p>The direction and strength of their relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a positive correlation, what is true about the relationship between the two variables?

    <p>High levels of one variable are linked to high levels of the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome represents a situation where two variables have no systematic relationship?

    <p>Zero correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a negative correlation as described in the content?

    <p>Alcohol consumption and GPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What needs to be done to interpret the results of correlations effectively?

    <p>Perform a statistical analysis comparing the variable values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a third variable in the context of correlations?

    <p>A variable that influences the relationship between two other variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it misleading to conclude causality from correlations?

    <p>Correlations do not establish a cause-and-effect dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristics are typically measured to understand the concept of a variable?

    <p>Values that can change and exhibit variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using survey methods in research, what is the primary purpose?

    <p>To gather initial information on a phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the observable traits of an individual?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about epigenetic changes is true?

    <p>They can influence gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'homozygous' mean?

    <p>Having two identical alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can lead to changes in phenotype despite having the same genotype?

    <p>Environmental interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gene expression?

    <p>To produce proteins from DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a gene that is expressed regardless of its allele combination?

    <p>Dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when factors outside of the genotype cause a change in phenotype?

    <p>Epigenetic change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype in identical twins?

    <p>Genetic differences can arise due to environmental effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is epigenetic change significant during development?

    <p>It allows for the formation of distinct cell types from the same DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key contributions and perspectives in psychology. This quiz covers theories by Freud, Maslow, and the principles of humanistic psychology, behaviorism, and empiricism. Understand how these concepts shape our view of human behavior and knowledge acquisition.

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