Introduction to Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'psychology' derive from?

  • Psycho = Mind, Ology = Learning process
  • Psych = Cognition, Ology = Study of
  • Psych = Soul, Ology = Scientific study of (correct)
  • Psyche = Behavior, Ology = Analysis

Which method was primarily used by Wilhelm Wundt to study consciousness?

  • Introspection (correct)
  • Observation
  • Surveys
  • Experimentation

What is a defining characteristic of psychology as a science?

  • It tests hypotheses through empirical methods. (correct)
  • It relies solely on theory without observation.
  • It studies only overt behaviors.
  • It examines only unconscious processes.

Which of the following areas does psychology NOT focus on?

<p>Astrology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological movement emphasizes understanding the purpose of consciousness?

<p>Functionalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is often referred to as the 'Father of Psychology'?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'latent constructs' refer to in the context of psychology?

<p>Thoughts and feelings that cannot be directly measured (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of Wundt's introspection method?

<p>To render the study of the mind as empirical as possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does structuralism primarily focus on?

<p>Understanding conscious experience through introspection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes the importance of the whole mind over its individual parts?

<p>Functionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

<p>The unconscious mind and its influence on behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is known as the 'Father of Behaviorism'?

<p>John Watson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Ivan Pavlov's research primarily introduce?

<p>Classical conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did B.F. Skinner contribute to the field of psychology?

<p>The principles of operant conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did functionalism differ from structuralism in its view of consciousness?

<p>It examined how consciousness helps adaptation to the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Freud utilize to access the unconscious mind?

<p>Dream analysis and free association (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the principle of Gestalt psychology?

<p>The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Watson's Little Albert experiment demonstrate about phobias?

<p>They are learned through conditioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Five-Factor Model of Personality, also known as 'OCEAN', primarily focus on?

<p>Individual patterns of thoughts and behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders?

<p>Clinical Psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic focus of Health Psychology?

<p>Genetic makeup and behavioral patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological branch investigates motivation and performance anxiety in sports?

<p>Sports &amp; Exercise Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of psychology assesses individuals' mental competency in legal settings?

<p>Forensic Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area of psychology would one explore organizational culture and change?

<p>Industrial-Organizational Psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do social psychologists primarily study?

<p>Interpersonal relationships and group dynamics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of Clinical Psychology practice?

<p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key belief of humanism regarding human nature?

<p>Humans have the potential for good and self-actualization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy?

<p>The therapist showing empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Abraham Maslow propose to explain human motivation?

<p>A hierarchy of human needs where basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can motivate behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was instrumental in the cognitive revolution that refocused psychology on mental processes?

<p>Noam Chomsky. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase describes the W.E.I.R.D bias in psychology?

<p>Research predominantly conducted within Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first doctoral degree obtained by a woman in psychology?

<p>Margaret Floy Washburn. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do multicultural psychologists differ from cross-cultural psychologists?

<p>Multicultural psychologists study diverse populations within one country, while cross-cultural psychologists compare different countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologists are known for their research on internalized racism and doll preference?

<p>Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of psychology does biopsychology focus on?

<p>The interaction of biological factors with mental processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does evolutionary psychology suggest about human behavior?

<p>Psychological adaptations are crucial for successful functioning and survival. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of sensation and perception in psychology?

<p>Examining physiological aspects of sensory systems and the subjective experience of sensory information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized for theories on cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?

<p>Jean Piaget. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of cognitive psychology?

<p>Understanding how thoughts relate to experience and behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect of developmental psychology?

<p>The investigation of aged-related cognitive decline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology definition

The scientific study of the mind and behavior, including mental processes like thoughts and emotions.

Structuralism

Early school of psychology focused on breaking down mental processes into basic elements like sensations and feelings.

Introspection

A method of self-observation used to study conscious experience, by looking inward.

Wilhelm Wundt

considered the 'father' of psychology, established first psychological lab.

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Behavior

Any outward action that can be directly observed.

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Mental process

Internal, unobservable processes like thoughts and feelings.

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Scientific Approach

Using verifiable evidence to study behavior and mental processes.

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Psychology as a science

Psychology studies observable behavior and measurable mental processes using the scientific method.

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What is introspection?

A method of self-observation where individuals look inward to examine their own thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

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What did Structuralism focus on?

Structuralism aimed to understand the elements of consciousness by breaking down mental processes into basic components.

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What is Functionalism?

Functionalism explored how mental processes helped organisms adapt to their environment.

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What is the unconscious mind?

According to Freud, the unconscious mind is a hidden part of our psyche that contains repressed urges, desires, and memories.

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What is psychoanalytic theory?

Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior and personality.

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What is classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

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What is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning focuses on how behavior is shaped by its consequences.

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How is behaviorism different from other approaches?

Behaviorism emphasizes the study of observable behavior and rejects the study of internal mental processes.

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What is the goal of Gestalt Psychology?

Gestalt psychology explores how people perceive the world as a unified whole, rather than as isolated parts.

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What is behavior modification?

Behavior modification uses principles of learning to change unwanted behaviors.

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What is personality psychology?

Personality psychology focuses on the unique patterns of thoughts and behaviors, or traits, that make each individual different. These traits influence how a person will act in different situations.

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What is the Five-Factor Model of Personality?

The Five-Factor Model, also known as OCEAN, describes personality in terms of five major dimensions: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

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What is social psychology?

Social psychology explores how we interact with and relate to others. It investigates topics like prejudice, attraction, conflict resolution, and how others influence our thoughts and actions.

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What is clinical psychology?

Clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders, behavioral issues, and problematic patterns of behavior. It combines techniques from different schools of thought, like behaviorism, cognitive, and humanistic psychology.

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What does health psychology focus on?

Health psychology examines how individual health is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, including genetics, behaviors, relationships, stress, and health practices.

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What is industrial-organizational psychology?

This field applies psychological principles to the workplace, focusing on aspects like job analysis, recruitment, employee motivation, leadership, and organizational culture.

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What is forensic psychology?

Forensic psychology deals with the legal system. Forensic psychologists assess mental competency for trials, provide sentencing and treatment recommendations, and advise on eyewitness testimonies.

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What is the APA?

The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization for psychologists with 56 different divisions, each focusing on a specific area of psychology.

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Humanism

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the innate goodness and potential of humans, focusing on self-actualization and free will.

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Carl Rogers

A prominent humanist psychologist who developed client-centered therapy, emphasizing unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy in the therapeutic relationship.

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Abraham Maslow

A humanist psychologist known for his hierarchy of needs, suggesting that humans are motivated by a series of needs, starting with basic survival and progressing to self-actualization.

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What is the Cognitive Revolution?

A shift in psychology that revived interest in mental processes, driven by advancements in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science.

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Noam Chomsky

A key figure in the cognitive revolution, who emphasized the importance of understanding mental functioning to comprehend human behavior.

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W.E.I.R.D.

An acronym representing the common participant pool in psychological research: White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.

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Feminist Psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on gender differences, challenging biased research, and advocating for the representation of marginalized groups.

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Margaret Floy Washburn

The first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology.

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Martha Bernal

The first Latina to earn a doctorate in psychology.

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Dr. Rheeda Walker

A prominent figure in multicultural and cross-cultural psychology, known for her groundbreaking work on suicide science and African American mental health.

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Mamie Phipps Clark & Kenneth Clark

Psychologists known for their research on doll preference, which exposed internalized racism and the harmful effects of segregation.

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Multicultural Psychology vs. Cross-Cultural Psychology

Multicultural psychology studies diverse populations within a single country, while cross-cultural psychology compares populations across different countries.

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Biopsychology

The study of how the brain and nervous system influence behavior and mental processes, including genes and hormones.

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Evolutionary Psychology

A field that explains human behavior through psychological adaptations that promote survival and success.

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Sensation and Perception

This area examines both the physiological aspects of sensory systems and how we experience sensory information, influenced by our attention, experiences, and culture.

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Study Notes

What is Psychology?

  • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
  • It's a science based on observable data and measurable phenomena.
  • Behavior includes all observable actions. Mental processes are internal, latent constructs.
  • Psychology aims to understand human consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality, and mental health.

History of Psychology

  • Wilhelm Wundt: Considered the "father of psychology," founded the first experimental psychology lab (1879).
  • Structuralism (Wundt & Titchener): Focused on the structure of consciousness through introspection (examining one's own conscious experience). Introspection proved subjective.
  • Functionalism (William James): Focused on the function of consciousness – how our mind helps us adapt to our environment. Heavily influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.
  • Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud): Focused on unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences influencing behavior. Techniques like dream analysis and free association were employed.
  • Gestalt Psychology: Examined how sensory experiences are perceived as unified wholes rather than individual parts. Influenced modern research on sensation and perception.
  • Behaviorism (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner): Focused on observable behaviors and their relationship with the environment. Skinner emphasized the effects of reinforcement and punishment.
  • Humanism (Rogers & Maslow): Emphasized the potential for good within humans and the importance of free will and self-actualization.
  • The Cognitive Revolution: A renewed interest in mental processes like memory, language, and problem-solving. Noam Chomsky played a key role.
  • Multicultural Psychology, Feminist Psychology: Rectifying historical biases in psychological research and study. Recognizing the impact of cultural and gender differences on human experience.

Contemporary Fields of Psychology

  • Biopsychology: Studies the relationship between biological factors (such as genes, hormones, nervous systems) and behavior.
  • Evolutionary Psychology: Explores how psychological adaptations enhance survival and reproduction.
  • Sensation and Perception: Examines sensory experiences and how they're interpreted by the brain.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on how our thoughts, memories, and language influence behavior.
  • Developmental Psychology: Studies physical and mental changes across the lifespan.
  • Personality Psychology: Explores individual differences in traits and behaviors.
  • Social Psychology: Investigates how social interactions, influences, and relationships shape our thoughts and behaviors.
  • Health Psychology: Studies the relationship between psychology and physical health.
  • Clinical Psychology: Diagnoses and treats psychological disorders.
  • Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychology to workplace settings to improve effectiveness and well-being.
  • Sports and Exercise Psychology: Studies psychological factors in sports performance and exercise.
  • Forensic Psychology: Applies psychological principles to legal issues.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts of psychology, including key figures like Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud, as well as major psychological movements such as structuralism and functionalism. This quiz explores critical terms and theories that define psychology as a science.

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