Introduction to Psychology

Clinical Psychology
- Focuses on diagnosing and treating mental illness.
- Utilizes therapy methods and psychological assessments.
Cognitive Psychology
- Studies mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
- Examines how people think, learn, and remember.
Developmental Psychology
- Investigates psychological growth throughout the lifespan.
- Studies childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging.
Social Psychology
- Examines how individuals influence and are influenced by social environments.
- Explores topics such as group behavior, aggression, and prejudice.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
- Focuses on workplace behavior and how to improve employee performance and well-being.
- Involves areas like recruitment, training, and organizational development.

Experimental Method
- Involves manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Observational Studies
- Involves observing behavior in natural or controlled settings without manipulation.
Surveys and Questionnaires
- Collect self-reported data from participants regarding thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Case Studies
- In-depth analysis of a single individual or group to glean insights.

Nature vs. Nurture
- Examines the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to behavior and mental processes.
Consciousness
- Refers to awareness of thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.
Learning Theories
- Includes classical conditioning (Pavlov), operant conditioning (Skinner), and social learning (Bandura).

Sigmund Freud
- Founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
B.F. Skinner
- Pioneer of behaviorism; studied reinforcement and behavior modification.
Carl Rogers
- Developed humanistic psychology; focused on self-actualization and unconditional positive regard.
Jean Piaget
- Known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

Anxiety Disorders
- Includes generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias.
Mood Disorders
- Includes major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
Personality Disorders
- Involves enduring patterns of behavior, such as borderline and narcissistic personality disorders.
Psychotic Disorders
- Includes schizophrenia and delusional disorder.

Psychotherapy
- Various types, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy.
Medication
- Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics are commonly used in treatment.
Combined Approaches
- Often, therapy and medication are used together for comprehensive treatment.

Neuroscience
- Growing interest in the biological bases of behavior and mental processes.
Cultural Psychology
- Examines how culture influences psychological processes.
Positive Psychology
- Focuses on strengths, well-being, and what makes life fulfilling.

Clinical Psychology
- Specializes in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses through therapy and assessments.
Cognitive Psychology
- Studies how mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving function.
Developmental Psychology
- Focuses on psychological growth from childhood through aging, addressing each life stage.
Social Psychology
- Analyzes individual behavior within social contexts, including group dynamics and prejudice.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
- Concerned with workplace behavior, aiming to enhance employee performance and welfare.

Experimental Method
- Engages in variable manipulation to unveil cause-and-effect relationships.
Observational Studies
- Observes behavior in both natural and controlled settings without interference.
Surveys and Questionnaires
- Gathers self-reported data on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from participants.
Case Studies
- Conducts detailed examinations of individuals or groups to extract insights.

Nature vs. Nurture
- Investigates the influence of genetics versus environment on behavior and psychology.
Consciousness
- Defined as the awareness of one's thoughts, emotions, and surroundings.
Learning Theories
- Includes classical conditioning (Pavlov), operant conditioning (Skinner), and social learning (Bandura).

Sigmund Freud
- Established psychoanalysis; highlighted the role of the unconscious and early experiences.
B.F. Skinner
- A key figure in behaviorism; focused on reinforcement and behavioral change.
Carl Rogers
- Known for humanistic psychology; emphasized self-actualization and positive regard.
Jean Piaget
- Developed theories on cognitive development stages in children.

Anxiety Disorders
- Comprises generalized anxiety, panic disorders, and various phobias.
Mood Disorders
- Includes major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
Personality Disorders
- Features persistent behavior patterns, including borderline and narcissistic types.
Psychotic Disorders
- Encompasses conditions like schizophrenia and delusional disorder.

Psychotherapy
- Varieties include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy.
Medication
- Common medications are antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics.
Combined Approaches
- Utilizes both therapeutic methods and medications for holistic treatment.

Neuroscience
- An increasing focus on biological factors influencing behavior and cognition.
Cultural Psychology
- Studies the impact of cultural factors on psychological phenomena.
Positive Psychology
- Concentrates on human strengths, well-being, and pathways to a fulfilling life.