Introduction to Psychology

Clinical Psychology
- Focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders.
- Uses various therapeutic techniques.
Cognitive Psychology
- Studies mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
- Explores how people perceive, learn, and remember.
Developmental Psychology
- Examines psychological growth and changes throughout the lifespan.
- Studies milestones from infancy to old age.
Social Psychology
- Explores how individuals influence and are influenced by social interactions.
- Topics include group dynamics, attitudes, and conformity.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
- Applies psychological principles to workplace issues.
- Focuses on productivity, employee behavior, and workplace culture.
Neuropsychology
- Studies the relationship between brain function and behavior.
- Involves understanding brain injuries and neurological conditions.

Behaviorism: Focus on observable behaviors; major figures include B.F. Skinner and John Watson.
Cognition: Mental processes involved in gaining knowledge; includes attention, perception, and reasoning.
Emotions: Complex psychological states involving subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral reaction.
Personality: Individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Developmental stages: Theories such as Erikson's psychosocial stages and Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Experiments: Controlled studies to determine cause-effect relationships.
Surveys: Questionnaires to gather information from a large population.
Case Studies: In-depth analysis of individuals or groups.
Observational Studies: Watching and recording behaviors in natural or controlled environments.

Sigmund Freud: Founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized unconscious processes.
Carl Rogers: Developed humanistic psychology; focused on self-actualization and client-centered therapy.
Albert Bandura: Known for social learning theory and concepts of self-efficacy.
B.F. Skinner: Key figure in behaviorism; known for operant conditioning.

Anxiety Disorders: Includes generalized anxiety, panic disorders, and phobias.
Mood Disorders: Encompasses depression and bipolar disorder.
Personality Disorders: Patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural expectations; includes borderline and narcissistic personality disorders.
Psychotic Disorders: Such as schizophrenia, characterized by impaired reality perception.

Informed consent: Participants must understand the study's nature and potential risks.
Confidentiality: Protecting participants’ privacy.
Debriefing: Informing participants about the study's purpose and their role after completion.

Clinical Psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders.
Cognitive Psychology studies mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
Developmental Psychology examines psychological growth and changes throughout the lifespan.
Social Psychology explores how individuals influence and are influenced by social interactions.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology applies psychological principles to the workplace.
Neuropsychology studies the relationship between brain function and behavior.

Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors.
Cognition explores the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge.
Emotions are complex psychological states involving subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral reaction.
Personality encompasses individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Developmental stages include theories like Erikson's psychosocial stages and Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Experiments are controlled studies designed to determine cause-effect relationships.
Surveys use questionnaires to gather information from a large population.
Case Studies involve in-depth analysis of individuals or groups.
Observational Studies involve watching and recording behaviors in natural or controlled environments.

Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis and emphasized unconscious processes.
Carl Rogers developed humanistic psychology and focused on self-actualization and client-centered therapy.
Albert Bandura is known for social learning theory and concepts of self-efficacy.
B.F. Skinner was a key figure in behaviorism and known for operant conditioning.

Clinical settings use psychology to treat mental health issues.
Education employs psychological principles to develop effective learning and teaching methods.
Business utilizes psychology to improve workplace productivity and employee well-being.
Forensic psychology applies psychological principles in legal contexts.

Anxiety Disorders include generalized anxiety, panic disorders, and phobias.
Mood Disorders encompass depression and bipolar disorder.
Personality Disorders involve patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural expectations.
Psychotic Disorders such as schizophrenia are characterized by impaired reality perception.

Informed Consent requires participants to understand the study's nature and potential risks.
Confidentiality protects participants’ privacy.
Debriefing involves informing participants about the study's purpose and their role after completion.