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Introduction to Psychology
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Introduction to Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Who popularized behaviorism in the XX century?

  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • Edward Titchener
  • John B. Watson (correct)
  • B.F. Skinner

    • Watson believed that internal physiological events could be studied as part of behavior.

    False

    What did Watson define psychology as?

    the science of behavior

    Watson's behaviorism was a response to ________ and its mentalist approaches.

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents Watson's view on behaviors?

    <p>Behaviors can be described scientifically without reference to internal states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychologists with their contributions:

    <p>John B. Watson = Popularized behaviorism Edward Titchener = Proponent of Structuralism B.F. Skinner = Developed operant conditioning Wilhelm Wundt = Founded experimental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Watson proposed that a response is linked to all stimulus elements present at the time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what later stage did psychology become focused on the study of mental phenomena?

    <p>IV stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the word "psyche" in the Greek language refer to?

    <p>Spirit or Soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The definition of psychology as a science of the soul was given over two thousand years ago.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the object of psychology?

    <p>The object of psychology is a person's psyche; the basic laws of the generation and functioning of psychic reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The word 'psychology' has its origin in two Greek words _______ and _______.

    <p>psyche and logos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following philosophers with their associated concepts:

    <p>Plato = Idealism Ancient thinkers = Connection between soul and God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the subject of psychology?

    <p>Mental phenomena in human life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first advances in psychology date back about 2,000 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, our inner world is like a big _______ where various events occur.

    <p>stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of structuralism in psychology?

    <p>Breaking down consciousness into its basic elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functionalism and structuralism share the same approach to understanding mental processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with being the pioneer of functionalism?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to functionalism, thinking is primarily triggered by a ______ situation.

    <p>problematic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological schools of thought with their main focus:

    <p>Structuralism = The elements of consciousness Functionalism = The purpose of mental processes Behaviorism = Observable behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects William James's view on consciousness?

    <p>Consciousness is a stream of ever-changing experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Titchener believed that studying the mind requires breaking down the brain into its components.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of psychology, according to Titchener?

    <p>To understand the structure and elements of the human mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functionalism views the brain as a ______ device that processes information and produces behavior.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of functionalism?

    <p>Emphasis on the elements of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Platonic Idealism emphasize as the highest form of reality?

    <p>Ideas or forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to materialism, the mind is a spiritual entity that exists independently of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of Structuralism in psychology?

    <p>Edward B. Titchener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of psychology as a separate discipline began in the mid-______ century.

    <p>1800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosopher with their associated concepts:

    <p>Plato = Platonic Idealism Descartes = Dualism Wundt = Experimental Psychology Titchener = Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts was introduced by Descartes in the 17th century?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Introspection was considered an important method in the study of psychology in the late 19th century.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What scientific method did Wilhelm Wundt utilize to investigate human thoughts and behavior?

    <p>Experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to atomism, the world consists of nothing but ______ in empty space.

    <p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of psychology after it became a distinct discipline in the mid-1800s?

    <p>Understanding mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of psychology in the XX century according to Watson?

    <p>observing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Watson's behaviorism was against the mentalist approach of Structuralism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Watson propose was linked with each of the stimulus elements present at the time a response occurs?

    <p>a single law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the IV stage of psychology, the focus is on studying ______________________ phenomena.

    <p>mental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychologists with their contributions:

    <p>John B. Watson = Behaviorism Titchener = Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt = Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the psychologist who defined psychology as the science of behavior?

    <p>John B. Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The word 'psyche' in the Greek language refers to the mind or soul.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of Watson's behaviorism?

    <p>to establish the laws of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Watson believed that psychology should be an objective study of ______________________ processes and behaviors.

    <p>mental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Object of Psychology

    • The object of psychology is a person's psyche, focusing on the basic laws of psychic reality generation and functioning.
    • The subject of psychology is mental phenomena in human life, understood as internal, subjective human experiences.

    Ancient Origins of Psychology

    • Many advances in psychology date back to ancient Greece and Persia philosophers.
    • The word "psychology" originates from two Greek words: "psyche" (spirit or soul) and "logos" (discourse or study).
    • The concept of psychology was initially a science of the soul, aiming to explain incomprehensible phenomena in a person's life by the presence of a soul.

    Idealism vs. Materialism

    • Idealism posits that reality is fundamentally shaped by the mind and interpretation of experiences.
    • Plato's philosophical approach, often referred to as Platonic Idealism, emphasizes the role of ideas, thoughts, and consciousness in constructing reality.
    • Materialism suggests that everything that exists is material, and minds are not spiritual in any sense.
    • Ancient materialist philosophers, such as Heraclitus and Democritus, believed that the soul consists of smooth, round atoms and that perceptions consist of motions caused by the atoms in the perceived thing.

    Development of Psychology

    • The first stage of psychology ( ancient Greece to the 17th century) focused on the science of the soul.
    • The second stage (17th century) focused on the study of psychology as the science of consciousness, with the ability to think, feel, and desire being called consciousness.
    • The third stage ( late 19th and early 20th centuries) focused on psychology as the science of behavior, setting up experiments to observe behavior, actions, and reactions of a person.

    Schools of Thought in Psychology

    • Structuralism:
      • Attributed to Edward B. Titchener
      • Focuses on breaking down mental processes into minute parts to study consciousness
      • Believed that the main objective of psychology is to study and understand the human mind and structure
    • Functionalism:
      • Led by William James
      • Focuses on the effective functions of the brain and its organization
      • Believed that thinking only takes place when an organism is thwarted by some external force or obstacle
    • Behaviorism:
      • Popularized by John B. Watson
      • Focuses on the objective study of behavior, without recourse to internal physiological events or hypothetical constructs
      • Believed that psychology needs to be objective in its approach to the study of mental processes and behaviors

    Modern Psychology

    • The fourth stage of psychology (present day) focuses on the study of objective laws, manifestations, and mechanisms of the psyche, emphasizing the study of mental phenomena.

    The Object of Psychology

    • The object of psychology is a person's psyche, focusing on the basic laws of psychic reality generation and functioning.
    • The subject of psychology is mental phenomena in human life, understood as internal, subjective human experiences.

    Ancient Origins of Psychology

    • Many advances in psychology date back to ancient Greece and Persia philosophers.
    • The word "psychology" originates from two Greek words: "psyche" (spirit or soul) and "logos" (discourse or study).
    • The concept of psychology was initially a science of the soul, aiming to explain incomprehensible phenomena in a person's life by the presence of a soul.

    Idealism vs. Materialism

    • Idealism posits that reality is fundamentally shaped by the mind and interpretation of experiences.
    • Plato's philosophical approach, often referred to as Platonic Idealism, emphasizes the role of ideas, thoughts, and consciousness in constructing reality.
    • Materialism suggests that everything that exists is material, and minds are not spiritual in any sense.
    • Ancient materialist philosophers, such as Heraclitus and Democritus, believed that the soul consists of smooth, round atoms and that perceptions consist of motions caused by the atoms in the perceived thing.

    Development of Psychology

    • The first stage of psychology ( ancient Greece to the 17th century) focused on the science of the soul.
    • The second stage (17th century) focused on the study of psychology as the science of consciousness, with the ability to think, feel, and desire being called consciousness.
    • The third stage ( late 19th and early 20th centuries) focused on psychology as the science of behavior, setting up experiments to observe behavior, actions, and reactions of a person.

    Schools of Thought in Psychology

    • Structuralism:
      • Attributed to Edward B. Titchener
      • Focuses on breaking down mental processes into minute parts to study consciousness
      • Believed that the main objective of psychology is to study and understand the human mind and structure
    • Functionalism:
      • Led by William James
      • Focuses on the effective functions of the brain and its organization
      • Believed that thinking only takes place when an organism is thwarted by some external force or obstacle
    • Behaviorism:
      • Popularized by John B. Watson
      • Focuses on the objective study of behavior, without recourse to internal physiological events or hypothetical constructs
      • Believed that psychology needs to be objective in its approach to the study of mental processes and behaviors

    Modern Psychology

    • The fourth stage of psychology (present day) focuses on the study of objective laws, manifestations, and mechanisms of the psyche, emphasizing the study of mental phenomena.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of psychology, including its object and subject, and discover its ancient origins in Greece and Persia. Learn about the definition and scope of psychology.

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