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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of programming languages?
What is the primary purpose of programming languages?
Which component of programming languages deals with the rules for forming symbols and words?
Which component of programming languages deals with the rules for forming symbols and words?
What distinguishes semantics from syntax in programming languages?
What distinguishes semantics from syntax in programming languages?
Low-level programming languages are primarily associated with which of the following?
Low-level programming languages are primarily associated with which of the following?
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Which of the following best describes semantics in programming languages?
Which of the following best describes semantics in programming languages?
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In programming languages, which category is used to create code that can be executed with minimal abstraction from hardware?
In programming languages, which category is used to create code that can be executed with minimal abstraction from hardware?
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What are the two basic components of programming languages?
What are the two basic components of programming languages?
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When two pieces of code have the same syntax, they can still differ in which aspect?
When two pieces of code have the same syntax, they can still differ in which aspect?
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What does the star schema primarily organize data into?
What does the star schema primarily organize data into?
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How does the snowflake schema differ from the star schema?
How does the snowflake schema differ from the star schema?
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What is the primary goal of database schema design?
What is the primary goal of database schema design?
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In the context of SQL, what are tuples?
In the context of SQL, what are tuples?
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What type of data does 'fact' typically represent in a star schema?
What type of data does 'fact' typically represent in a star schema?
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What is the purpose of SQL within relational databases?
What is the purpose of SQL within relational databases?
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What does a relational model primarily consist of?
What does a relational model primarily consist of?
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What does database schema design help to define?
What does database schema design help to define?
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What is a primary benefit of using SQL for database management?
What is a primary benefit of using SQL for database management?
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Which statement best describes queries in SQL?
Which statement best describes queries in SQL?
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In the context of database systems, what does the term 'result' refer to?
In the context of database systems, what does the term 'result' refer to?
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What role does the Graphical User Interface (GUI) play in operating systems?
What role does the Graphical User Interface (GUI) play in operating systems?
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How does a GUI typically allow users to interact with electronic devices?
How does a GUI typically allow users to interact with electronic devices?
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What is one feature of a pointing device in relation to GUI?
What is one feature of a pointing device in relation to GUI?
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What functionality does SQL typically NOT provide?
What functionality does SQL typically NOT provide?
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What is the significance of icons in a GUI?
What is the significance of icons in a GUI?
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What is a primary advantage of using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) in organizations?
What is a primary advantage of using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) in organizations?
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Which of these describes a feature of the Command Line Interface (CLI)?
Which of these describes a feature of the Command Line Interface (CLI)?
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What is a significant risk associated with using the Command Line Interface (CLI)?
What is a significant risk associated with using the Command Line Interface (CLI)?
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In what scenario can Cross Domain Solutions (CDS) be particularly useful?
In what scenario can Cross Domain Solutions (CDS) be particularly useful?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Command Line Interface?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Command Line Interface?
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Why might some users prefer the Command Line Interface despite its complexity?
Why might some users prefer the Command Line Interface despite its complexity?
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What does a command line interpreter do?
What does a command line interpreter do?
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What is a disadvantage of using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) compared to a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
What is a disadvantage of using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) compared to a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
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What is a primary characteristic of EEPROM compared to other ROM types?
What is a primary characteristic of EEPROM compared to other ROM types?
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What happens when an interrupt request (IRQ) is received by the computer?
What happens when an interrupt request (IRQ) is received by the computer?
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How can a user update or reprogram the BIOS in a computer?
How can a user update or reprogram the BIOS in a computer?
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What is the effect of exceeding the read/write cycle limit of an EEPROM?
What is the effect of exceeding the read/write cycle limit of an EEPROM?
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Which of the following describes a hardware interrupt?
Which of the following describes a hardware interrupt?
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What is the main role of a device driver in a computer system?
What is the main role of a device driver in a computer system?
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Why might a user need to install a new device driver?
Why might a user need to install a new device driver?
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Which of the following best describes an IRQ's purpose?
Which of the following best describes an IRQ's purpose?
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What does orchestration in service-oriented architecture primarily involve?
What does orchestration in service-oriented architecture primarily involve?
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Which of the following is a key benefit of Service-Oriented Architecture related to application development?
Which of the following is a key benefit of Service-Oriented Architecture related to application development?
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What primarily distinguishes a flat file database from relational databases?
What primarily distinguishes a flat file database from relational databases?
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In which situation would using a flat file database be considered most beneficial?
In which situation would using a flat file database be considered most beneficial?
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How does the concept of interoperability relate to services in Service-Oriented Architecture?
How does the concept of interoperability relate to services in Service-Oriented Architecture?
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Which of the following best captures the purpose of a database management system (DBMS)?
Which of the following best captures the purpose of a database management system (DBMS)?
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What is a notable characteristic of a flat file database when compared to traditional databases?
What is a notable characteristic of a flat file database when compared to traditional databases?
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Which statement best describes the role of protocols in service-oriented architectures?
Which statement best describes the role of protocols in service-oriented architectures?
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What is the primary function of forms in database management?
What is the primary function of forms in database management?
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What is a key characteristic of NoSQL databases compared to traditional SQL databases?
What is a key characteristic of NoSQL databases compared to traditional SQL databases?
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Which type of NoSQL database is best suited for storing data in a document-like format?
Which type of NoSQL database is best suited for storing data in a document-like format?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of NoSQL database?
Which of the following is NOT a type of NoSQL database?
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What is a primary use case for wide-column stores in NoSQL databases?
What is a primary use case for wide-column stores in NoSQL databases?
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Which statement accurately describes the functionality of queries in a database?
Which statement accurately describes the functionality of queries in a database?
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In the context of NoSQL, what are graph databases particularly suited for?
In the context of NoSQL, what are graph databases particularly suited for?
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What advantage do modules provide in database software and languages?
What advantage do modules provide in database software and languages?
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What is a primary drawback of using a Command Line Interface (CLI) when compared to a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?
What is a primary drawback of using a Command Line Interface (CLI) when compared to a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?
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Which of the following accurately describes the process of executing a command in the Command Line Interface (CLI)?
Which of the following accurately describes the process of executing a command in the Command Line Interface (CLI)?
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What is a benefit of using Cross Domain Solutions (CDS) in information management?
What is a benefit of using Cross Domain Solutions (CDS) in information management?
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Which of the following is a significant risk when using a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
Which of the following is a significant risk when using a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
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How does the user experience differ between a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
How does the user experience differ between a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
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What is the role of a command line interpreter in a Command Line Interface?
What is the role of a command line interpreter in a Command Line Interface?
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What makes a Command Line Interface a more resourceful tool for advanced users compared to a Graphical User Interface?
What makes a Command Line Interface a more resourceful tool for advanced users compared to a Graphical User Interface?
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What is a characteristic of the Command Line Interface that contributes to its complexity?
What is a characteristic of the Command Line Interface that contributes to its complexity?
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What is the primary function of a Cross Domain Solution (CDS) when transferring data?
What is the primary function of a Cross Domain Solution (CDS) when transferring data?
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What differentiates a Controlled Interface from a Cross Domain Solution?
What differentiates a Controlled Interface from a Cross Domain Solution?
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Which phase of the CDS implementation process focuses on evaluating the proposed solution's support by DISA?
Which phase of the CDS implementation process focuses on evaluating the proposed solution's support by DISA?
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What is a potential consequence of moving data that does not meet security classifications?
What is a potential consequence of moving data that does not meet security classifications?
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What type of login does the Access function of a CDS provide?
What type of login does the Access function of a CDS provide?
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What is the role of the Engineering Review phase in the CDS implementation process?
What is the role of the Engineering Review phase in the CDS implementation process?
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How often is a CDS reviewed after being authorized to operate?
How often is a CDS reviewed after being authorized to operate?
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What characteristic of memory makes it essential for computer operations?
What characteristic of memory makes it essential for computer operations?
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What is a key limitation of EEPROM after repeated use?
What is a key limitation of EEPROM after repeated use?
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In which scenario would a hardware interrupt typically occur?
In which scenario would a hardware interrupt typically occur?
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Which statement accurately describes the function of an IRQ?
Which statement accurately describes the function of an IRQ?
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How do device drivers integrate with an operating system?
How do device drivers integrate with an operating system?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding software interrupts?
Which of the following statements is true regarding software interrupts?
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What happens when a device driver is not compatible with the operating system?
What happens when a device driver is not compatible with the operating system?
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Which scenario can lead to the use of flashing the BIOS?
Which scenario can lead to the use of flashing the BIOS?
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What is a distinguishing feature of interrupt-driven computing?
What is a distinguishing feature of interrupt-driven computing?
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Study Notes
Programming Languages
- Programs are sets of instructions written for specific tasks within a computer system.
- Instructions, specifications, and performance requirements are considered source code or micro-code for the programs.
- Programming languages are tools used to describe, measure, and express processes and algorithms involving digital and non-digital data.
- Programming languages primarily regulate the behavior and performance of computing systems and their outcomes.
Programming Languages Components
- Programming languages have two basic components: syntax and semantics.
- Syntax is the structure and arrangement of symbols, words, and characters within a programming language, focusing on grammatical correctness.
- Semantics relates to the meaning of each character set when arranged in a particular way, emphasizing the function and purpose.
- Two code segments can have identical syntax but different semantics due to divergent tasks.
Programming Language Categories
- Programming languages are categorized as either low-level or high-level.
- Low-level languages are closely tied to hardware components and constraints, directly executed by the computer in binary code (0s and 1s).
- High-level languages are easier for humans to understand and write, requiring a compiler or interpreter to translate them into machine-readable code.
Databases
- A database is a structured collection of data designed for efficient storage, retrieval, and management.
- Different types of databases exist, each with unique organizational structures and approaches to data management.
Relational Model
- The relational model structures data into tables, rows, and columns, with relationships between entities.
- Relationships specify connections between data elements in different tables, linking information across the database.
Star Schema
- The star schema is an extension of the relational model that organizes data into "facts" and "dimensions."
- Fact data consists of numerical values, such as sales figures.
- Dimensional data provides descriptive attributes, such as product price, color, or weight.
Snowflake Schema
- The snowflake schema builds on the star schema concept, introducing additional levels of dimensional tables.
- This allows for even more detailed and descriptive dimensions, creating a hierarchical structure resembling a snowflake.
Database Schema Design
- Database schema design lays out the blueprint for storing vast amounts of information, defining categories of data and their relationships.
- It acts as a logical framework for organizing data, making it easier to retrieve, consume, analyze, and manipulate.
- The schema helps users understand the data structure and relationships involved.
Structured Query Language (SQL) Query and Reports
- SQL is a specialized programming language for managing and manipulating data in relational databases.
- It utilizes set theory and relational algebra to process data logically, allowing for powerful and flexible data manipulation.
- Queries are questions asked to retrieve specific information from the database, structured using SQL's command language.
- SQL allows for the selection, insertion, update, and location of data within the database.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
- The graphical user interface (GUI) is a visual layer that facilitates communication between the operator and the operating system.
- It utilizes icons, menus, and graphical representations to present information and provide user controls.
- GUIs rely on pointing devices like mice, trackballs, styluses, or touchscreens for interaction.
GUI Benefits
- GUIs offer user-friendly interactions through intuitive clicking and visual elements, making them easy to navigate.
- Consistent interface designs across applications streamline user experiences.
- GUIs enhance multimedia applications by supporting images, videos, and music.
- They minimize the need for specialized skills, increasing productivity for users.
Command-Line
- The command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based interface where users type commands directly to the operating system, receiving responses and executing instructions.
- CLIs involve memorizing specific commands and their syntax, requiring more technical knowledge compared to GUIs.
- CLIs demand accurate command syntax and placement within the file system, as errors can have significant consequences.
- CLIs offer granular control over the operating system and file system, providing advanced capabilities for managing various aspects of the system.
Cross Domain Data Solutions (CDS)
- CDS provides information assurance while enabling data access and transfer between systems with different security domains (e.g., unclassified, secret, or top secret).
- CDS facilitates secure data sharing between networks of varying security levels, enabling the movement of information without compromising network integrity.
Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS)
- CMOS is a type of technology used in integrated circuit fabrication, primarily for building semiconductor memory chips.
- CMOS memory chips are known for their low power consumption, making them suitable for applications like computer BIOS storage.
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) / Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
- BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a fundamental software program that initializes and tests computer hardware components during the boot process.
- UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is a newer standard that replaces BIOS, offering advanced features and improved security.
Interrupt Requests (IRQ)
- An Interrupt Request (IRQ) is a signal sent from a device or program that interrupts the main program (e.g., the operating system) to handle a specific task.
- IRQs allow computers to respond to events and requests from devices and programs, enabling multitasking and efficient resource management.
- Each IRQ has a unique number to identify the device or component sending the interruption.
Drivers
- A device driver is a software program designed to control a specific device connected to a computer.
- Drivers contain instructions to interact with the device, allowing the operating system to recognize and utilize its capabilities.
- Operating systems typically include pre-built drivers for common devices, while new devices may require installation of dedicated drivers from manufacturers.
Service Oriented Architecture
- Service oriented architecture (SOA) is a software design paradigm that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services.
- Services are independent units of functionality, designed to be reusable and interoperable.
- These services communicate with each other through defined protocols.
- SOA benefits include:
- Reusability: Services can be reused to create new applications.
- Interoperability: Services can interact with each other through defined protocols.
- Scalability and Flexibility: Resources are available to meet new demands as new applications are needed.
- Cost Efficiency: SOA reduces development costs by reusing existing services instead of writing new code.
Databases
- Databases are organized collections of data, usually stored electronically.
- They are the backbone of most applications, storing structured data.
- Database management systems (DBMS) manage database operations like access, modification, and update.
-
Flat File Databases:
- Contain a single table.
- Can be created in database software or spreadsheets.
- Highly compatible between databases and applications.
- Suitable for storing simple data.
- Example uses: usernames and passwords, contact details, product catalogs.
NoSQL Databases
- NoSQL databases (Not Only SQL) offer flexible schemas for storing and retrieving data.
- They are designed to handle large volumes of structured, semi-structured, or unstructured data.
- NoSQL databases are especially useful for real-time applications and big data performance issues.
- Types of NoSQL databases:
- Document Databases: Store data in a document-like format, often using JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), and are optimized for managing document-oriented data. (Example: MongoDB).
- Key-Value Stores: Simplest type, storing every item as a key-value pair. (Examples: Redis, DynamoDB).
- Wide-Column Stores: Allow each record to have its own set of columns. They excel at querying large datasets and scaling well. (Examples: Cassandra, Google's BigTable).
- Graph Databases: Designed for data with interconnected elements and relationships. (Examples: Neo-4j, Amazon Neptune).
User Interfaces
- Graphical User Interface (GUI)
- Provides a visual interface using icons, menus, and windows for interacting with a computer.
- Enhances media applications like images, videos, and music.
- Easier to use for individuals, requiring fewer technical skills and leading to greater productivity.
- Command Line Interface (CLI)
- A text-based interface where users type commands directly to the operating system.
- Requires memorizing commands and syntax.
- Offers greater control over file systems and operating systems.
- Can be a valuable resource, but requires specialized knowledge and care to avoid accidental data loss.
Cross Domain Solutions
- Cross Domain Solutions (CDS) provide information assurance while enabling data access or transfer between networks with differing security domains (e.g., Unclassified, Secret, Top Secret).
- They facilitate secure information sharing between systems with differing security levels.
- CDS implementations often involve specialized servers to transfer data unidirectionally across security boundaries, preventing data leakage.
- CDS implementations typically involve three main functions:
- Transfer: Moving data between security domains while ensuring compliance with target system security levels.
- Access: Allowing users to access individual security domains.
- Multi Level: Facilitating multiple simultaneous login sessions to different security domains.
- CDS Implementation Phases: Before use, CDS solutions undergo a rigorous review/accreditation process:
- Phase I - Requirements Validation: Evaluating the need for a CDS solution and its feasibility.
- Phase II - Risk Analysis: Assessing the security risks associated with the CDS solution.
- Phase III - Engineering Review: Testing and validating the configuration of the CDS solution.
- Phase IV - Authorized to Operate: Authorizing the use of the CDS solution for a period of up to three years, with annual reviews.
Memory
- Memory is an electronic component that stores data and applications.
- It can be temporary (RAM) or permanent (ROM).
-
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
- Data can be easily modified, making it flexible.
- Commonly used to store BIOS programs.
- Can be reprogrammed with special software ("flashing").
- Has a limited number of read/write cycles before becoming unusable.
Interrupt Requests (IRQ)
- An IRQ is a signal from a device or program.
- It interrupts the main program (operating system) to handle a new task.
- Computers are interrupt-driven, allowing them to switch between tasks efficiently.
- Each IRQ has a unique number to identify the interrupting device.
- There are hardware interrupts (e.g., from I/O devices) and software interrupts (e.g., from application programs).
Drivers
- A device driver is a software program designed to control a specific device attached to a computer.
- Device drivers contain commands to interface with the device they support.
- Many drivers are pre-built into operating systems, but some must be installed separately (e.g., for new devices).
- Drivers are specific to the operating system platform.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of programming languages, including their purpose, components such as syntax and semantics, and their role in computing. Test your understanding of how programming languages function and their importance in software development.