Introduction to Programming Concepts
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What is the primary purpose of a computer program?

  • To provide instructions to a computer. (correct)
  • To manipulate hardware components.
  • To perform calculations only.
  • To manage system resources.

    • Which type of software includes operating systems like Windows 10 or Android OS?

  • Programming software
  • System software (correct)
  • Utility software
  • Application software

    • What does coding in programming refer to?

  • Translating English instructions into pseudocode.
  • Writing the program in a specific programming language. (correct)
  • Designing the user interface.
  • Testing the software for errors.

    • What is the first step in the program development process?

    <p>Analyze the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of debugging in programming?

    <p>To find and fix errors in a program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does a programming language help to design in software development?

    <p>Graphical User Interface (GUI) and code instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool can be used to plan the solution to a programming problem?

    <p>Algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of software in a computer?

    <p>Software commands hardware to function and assists users in tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the purpose of an IF statement?

    <p>It makes a decision based on exactly one condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the syntax 'if age >= 18: print('Legal Age')' indicate?

    <p>It determines if age is 18 or older.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an IF-ELIF-ELSE statement, which part of the structure executes if all conditions are false?

    <p>The ELSE block.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which logical operator requires both conditions to be true?

    <p>AND</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the expression '5 < 5'?

    <p>FALSE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a nested conditional statement used?

    <p>When evaluating conditions within an existing condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of indentation in conditional statements?

    <p>To indicate blocks of code associated with conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example correctly represents an IF-ELIF-ELSE statement?

    <p>if age &gt;= 18: print('Adult') elif age &gt;= 13: print('Teen')</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax to print 'Hello World' in Python?

    <p>print('Hello World')</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data type is used to store a decimal number in Python?

    <p>Float</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the assignment operator '=' do in variable creation?

    <p>Assigns a value to a variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about variable typing in Python?

    <p>Python allows dynamic typing, enabling variables to change type over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When changing the value of a variable in Python, which of the following is correct?

    <p>The value of a variable can be modified to a different data type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of string assignment in Python?

    <p>name = 'John'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?

    <p>To facilitate the user's coding experience with various tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data will the variable 'var' hold after the following code is executed: var = 'Now I am a string'?

    <p>String</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the conditions that qualifies a grade as 'Invalid Grade'?

    <p>The grade is greater than 100 or less than or equal to 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category does a grade of 93 fall into?

    <p>With Honors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a flowchart in programming?

    <p>To represent the sequence of operations for a program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT an advantage of using flowcharts?

    <p>They convey the rationale behind code operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flowchart describes the logical operations within a program?

    <p>Program flowchart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the average result of grades inputted as 80, 85, and 90?

    <p>85</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding programming algorithms?

    <p>They consist only of output statements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a grade of 76 is inputted, what will be the resulting remark?

    <p>Passed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symbol is used to denote the beginning and the end of a program in flowcharting?

    <p>Ellipse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flowcharting, which symbol is utilized to represent an input or output operation?

    <p>Parallelogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flowchart symbol indicates a point where a decision must be made in a program?

    <p>Diamond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flowcharting, what does the on-page connector symbol do?

    <p>Connects two parts of the flowchart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the processing symbol in a flowchart?

    <p>To perform arithmetic or comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following notations signifies that a value is greater than another in flowcharting?

    <p>GT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What result should the program display if the input number is 4 in the program identifying even or odd?

    <p>Even</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of flowcharting, how is an off-page connector symbol utilized?

    <p>To connect flowchart segments across different pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Computer Programming

    • Computer: A tool that manipulates data to produce useful information. Has both hardware and software.

      • Hardware: Tangible parts (keyboard, mouse, etc.).
      • Software: Non-tangible parts installed to command hardware and help users.
        • System software: Windows 10, Android OS, iOS.
        • Utility software: Windows Defender, Norton Anti-Virus.
        • Application software: MS Word, Information Systems, POS.

    • Computer program: A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.

      • Written using a programming language.
      • Computers are useless without programs.

    • Programming language: Used by programmers to create programs or software.

      • Allows for designing the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and adding instructions (code).
        • Translates human-readable code (English) into machine-readable language (binary) and compiles it.

    • Programming: Designing or creating a set of instructions to tell a computer what to do.

      • The computer follows these instructions.
      • The process of planning a sequence of steps for a computer to follow.
      • A good programmer is a good planner.

    • Program: A set of steps that guides programmers through a program.

      • A systematic way of developing quality software.

    The Development of a Program

    • Analyze the problem:
      • Identify problem specifications and define program input, output, and processing components.
    • Design the program:
      • Plan a logical sequence of steps to solve the problem using tools such as:
        • Algorithm
        • Pseudocode
        • Decision tables
        • Structure charts
        • Flowchart
    • Code the program:
      • Translate the algorithm into a specific programming language.
      • Programmers must follow the language rules.
      • Errors caused by rule violations must be eliminated before proceeding.
      • Coding is the technical term for writing the program.
    • Test and debug the program:
      • After removing syntax errors, the program will execute.
      • Testing is the process of finding errors in a program.
      • Debugging is the process of correcting those errors.
      • Indentation is crucial
      • Syntax is very short
      • No semicolon is needed

    Python Language

    • C#: Console.Write("Hello World");
    • JAVA: System.out.print("Hello World");
    • PYTHON: print("Hello World")

    IDE

    • Integrated Development Environment.
    • An application that provides tools for a convenient coding experience for a specific programming language.

    print()

    • Used to display something in the console.
    • Syntax: print("Hello World")

    Creating a Variable

    • Creating a variable and assigning a value.
    • A value can be assigned to a variable at the time of creation.
    • The assignment operator = is used to assign a value.
    • The variable name is on the left side of the assignment operator.
    • The value of the variable is on the right side of the assignment operator.
    • variable_name = variable_value
    • Example:
      • name = "John" (string assignment)
      • age = 25 (integer assignment)
      • salary = 25800.60 (float assignment)
    • print(name) outputs "John"
    • print(age) outputs "25"
    • print(salary) outputs "25800.6"

    Changing the Value of a Variable

    • Many programming languages use static typing.
      • The variable is declared with a specific type and must always have that type.
    • In Python, variables are dynamically typed.
      • A variable can be assigned a value of one type and later assigned a different value of another type.
    • Example:
      • var = 10
      • print(var) outputs 10
      • print(type(var)) outputs <class 'int'>
      • var = 55
      • print(var) outputs 55
      • var = "Now I'm a string"
      • print(var) outputs "Now I'm a string"
      • print(type(var)) outputs <class 'str'>
      • var = 35.69
      • print(var) outputs 35.69
      • print(type(var)) outputs <class 'float'>

    Variables

    • Used to store data for later use.
    • Common Data Types:
      • String: Texts
      • Integer: Positive and Negative Numbers (No decimal)
      • Float: Decimal Numbers
      • Character: Single letter or symbol
      • Boolean: True/False

    Identifiers

    • The name of the variable chosen by the user.

    Conditional Statements

    • Allow programs to make decisions based on certain conditions.
    • Types of Conditional Statements:
      • IF Statement: (1 condition)
      • IF-Else Statement: (2 conditions )
      • IF ELIF-ELSE: (3 or more conditions)
      • Nested conditional statements: (condition after a condition )

    Indentation

    • Used to indicate the statements included in a conditional statement.

    Conditional Operators

    • Used to compare values in a conditional statement.
    Operator Description Usage
    == Equals To 2 == 2 - TRUE
    != Not Equal To 2 != 2 - FALSE
    > Greater Than 5 > 3 - TRUE
    < Less Than 5 < 5 - FALSE
    >= Greater Than OR Equal 5 >= 5 - TRUE
    <= Less Than OR Equal 4 <= 5 - TRUE

    IF Statement

    • Used when dealing with a single condition.
    • Syntax:
      • if (condition):
        • #Do something
    • Example:
      • if age >= 18:
        • print("Legal Age")

    If-Else Statement

    • Used when dealing with two conditions.
    • Syntax:
      • if (condition):
        • #Do Something
      • else:
        • #Do Something
    • Example:
      • if age >= 18:
        • print("Legal Age")
      • else:
        • print('Minor')

    If-Elif-Else Statement

    • Used when dealing with three or more conditions.

    • Syntax::

      • if (condition):
        • #Do Something
      • elif (condition):
        • #Do Something
      • else:
        • #Do Something

    • Example:

      • if age >= 18:
        • print('Legal Age')
      • elif age >= 13:
        • print('Teenager')
      • else:
        • print('Too Young')

    Nested Conditional Statement

    • Used when dealing with conditions within another condition.

    • Syntax:

      • if (condition):
        • if (condition):
          • #Do something
        • else:
          • #Do something

    • Example:

      • if age >= 18:
        • if height >= 170:
          • print('Legal Age and Tall')
        • elif height >= 156:
          • print('Legal Age and Average')
        • else:
          • print("Legal Age and Short")

    Logical Operators

    • Used to include 2 or more conditions in a single line.
    • Logical Operators:
      • AND: Both conditions must be true.
      • OR: Either condition must be true.

    Sample Problems

    • Create a program that determines whether the difference of two numbers is positive or negative. Display the difference and remarks.
    • Create a program that determines and displays the largest number among 3 numbers inputted by the user.
    • Create a program that allows the user to input 3 grades. The system should average the grades and then check if the grade is:
    Grade Remarks
    >100 or <=50 Invalid Grade
    98-100 With Highest Honor
    95-97 With High Honors
    90-94 With Honors
    75-89 Passed
    74-51 Failed
    • Note: Print the necessary message for each condition*

    Algorithm and Flowchart

    Programming Algorithm

    • A set of instructions/rules followed by a computer program.
    • Should contain an input, process, and an output.
    • Depends on the problem to be solved.

    Flowchart

    • A method used to represent an Algorithm diagrammatically or illustratively.
    • It represents the sequence of a programming algorithm using standard graphic symbols that represent the input, process, and output.

    Advantages and Limitations of Flowcharts

    • Flowcharts are language independent. They can be learned and applied without formal knowledge of a programming language.
    • Flowcharts encourage structured thinking about the problem and can be used to communicate the logic of the program easily.
    • Flowcharts can be a valuable tool for documenting code for other programmers, but they do not represent a programming language.
    • They often require a long sequence of interconnected symbols.
    • They do not convey why a given set of operations is made.

    Types of Flowcharts

    • Program Flowchart: Describes the logical operations and steps within a program and the sequence in which these steps are executed for data transformation to produce output graphically and in detail.
    • System Flowchart: A graphic representation of the procedures involved in converting data on input media to data in output form. It illustrates which data is used or produced at various points in a sequence of operations. System flowcharts show the interaction among data, hardware, and personnel.

    Basic Symbols

    • These symbols are commonly used to create a diagram that represents an algorithm that a computer program must follow.
    Symbol Description
    ELLIPSE START or END
    PARALLELOGRAM INPUT or OUTPUT
    RECTANGLE PROCESS
    DIAMOND DECISION
    CIRCLE On-page connector
    Off-page connector

    Input Output Symbol

    • Represents an instruction to input or output an operation.

    Processing Symbol

    • Represents a group of program instructions that perform a processing function of the program, such as arithmetic operations, comparison, sorting , etc.

    Decision Symbol

    • Denotes a point in the program where more than one path can be taken.

    Off-Page Connector

    • Used to connect flowchart portions on different pages.

    Terminal Symbol

    • Used to designate the beginning and the end of a program, or a point of interruption.

    On-Page Connector

    • Non-processing symbol used to connect one part of a flowchart to another without drawing flowlines.

    Flowlines

    • Used to show the reading order or sequence in which flowchart symbols are to be read.

    Notations Used in Flowcharting

    Notation Meaning Notation Meaning
    + Addition = or EQ Equal to
    - Subtraction > or GT Greater than
    * Multiplication < or LT Less than
    / Division != or NE Not equal to
    ** Exponentation >= or GE Greater than or Equal to
    () Grouping <= or LE Less than or Equal to
    Logical or
    && Logical and N No
    blank End of File

    Programming Problem

    • Create a program that will display the sum of 2 numbers inputted by the user.

    Pseudocode:

    • Let numOne = 0, numTwo = 0, and sum = 0
    • Input numOne and numTwo
    • sum = numOne + numTwo
    • Output sum

    Programming Problem

    • Create a program that will display “Even or Odd”, depending on the number inputted by the user.

    Pseudocode:

    • Let num = 0
    • Input num
    • If num is an Even number, output “Even”
    • If num is an Odd number, output “Odd”

    Programming Problem

    • Draw a flowchart that will input the name and value for the grade of a student. Determine whether the grade is passed or failed (passing grade is 75%). Print the name, grade, and remarks of the students..

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    Introduction to Computer Programming PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts in programming, including the purpose of computer programs, software types, coding, and program development processes. Test your knowledge on debugging, syntax, conditional statements, and logical operators to enhance your understanding of programming essentials.

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