Introduction to Plumbing

Plumbing

• The art and science of installing and maintaining the systems that convey water, waste, and other substances in buildings.
• Aims to ensure health, sanitation, and safety in buildings.
• Derived from the Latin word "Plumbum," meaning lead.

Plumbers

• Apprentice Plumber: Undergoing training.
• Journeyman Plumber: Has completed apprenticeship and is skilled.
• Master Plumber: Highly experienced and licensed to design and install plumbing systems.
• Plumbarius was someone who worked in the sanitation field in ancient Rome.

Plumbing Timeline

• 2900 BC: Rudimentary plumbing systems were in use.
• 312 BC: Romans constructed aqueducts to bring water to Rome.
• 100 AD: Widespread use of lead pipes in Roman cities may have contributed to the empire's decline.
• 500-1400 AD: Neglect of sanitation and hygiene during the Dark Ages.
• Mid-1300s: London laid its first water supply pipe.
• 1625: England enacted apprenticeship laws for plumbing
• 1596: Sir Jon Harrington built one of the first known water closets in England.
• 1775: Alexander Cumming invented the S-Trap.
• 1848: England passed the National Public Safety Act.
• 1666: London organized firefighting brigades and expanded the water supply system after the Great Fire.
• 1652: Boston developed the first waterworks, using wood pipes.
• 1804: Philadelphia began using cast iron for water mains.
• Mid-1800s: The US began to develop practical water and sewage systems
• 1900s: Thermoplastic and thermoset compounds were developed, the first being PVC developed in the 1930s.
• 1911: Kohler developed the first one-piece bath.
• 1926: Kohler introduced the electric sink.
• 1993: US Green building council developed LEED to encourage contractors to increase green building

Plumbing in the Philippines

• 17th Century: Spaniards established Intramuros with plumbing.
• Master Plumber John F. Hass became the 1st Chief of Plumbing Construction Division, basing his code on the Plumbing Code of the US.
• 1935: The National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was established.
• City Ordinance 2411 enacted "The Plumbing Code for the City of Manila", with the consultation of NAMPAP.
• 1954: Republic Act No. 1378 was approved.
• June 28, 1955: President Ramon Magsaysay signed R.A. 1378 known.
• December 21, 1999: Joseph Ejercito Estrada approved the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999.

Plumbing Systems

• Include potable water supply, distribution pipes, plumbing fixtures, traps, sanitary and storm drainage, vent pipes, and water heaters
• Consist of Fuel and gas piping
• Have supply pipes and drainage pipes

Plumbing System Components

• Water Supply and Distribution System
• Sanitary Drainage and Disposal System
• Storm Drainage System
• Plumbing Fixture
• Fire Protection System
• Fuel and Gas Piping System

Main Objectives of Plumbing

• Supply water to different parts of a building.
• Remove human waste and other substances into a public sewer or septic tank.
• Provide enough water to each fixture.
• Prevent backflow.
• Drainage systems must allow fast waste removal and prevent entry of vermin and gases.

Plumbing Fixtures

• Receptacles that collect or retain water/waste for eventual drainage.

Types of Fixtures

• Water Closet
• Lavatory
• Kitchen sink/Sink
• Urinal
• Bidet
• Bath tub

Water Closets

• Plumbing fixture for receiving and discharging human waste through water.
• Classified by design, make, flushing mechanism, shape, and installation.

Water Closet Designs

• Siphon Washdown: Inexpensive and noisy with a small amount of standing water.
• Siphon Jet: Submerged jet makes it quieter; has a large amount of standing water and is mechanically efficient but expensive..
• Siphon Vortex: Water enters at diagonal holes to create a vortex; quieter, more efficient, and more sanitary.
• Reverse Trap: The trap way is in the rear of the bowl; large water area and quiet operation.

Water Closets Types by Make

• One-Piece: Bowl and flush tank are molded together for tandem installation with the bidet.
• Closed Coupled: Flush tank is separate but connected to the bowl in a two-piece model.
• Pail Flush: A bowl without a flush tank; uses water poured from a pail and can be for rural areas.
• Squat Bowl

Water Closets Types by Flushing Mechanics

• Flush Tank
• Flush Valve

Water Closets Types by Shape

• Round front intends to save space in a limited area.
• Elongated front provides more comfort

Water Closets Types by Installation

• Free standing is a floor mounted toilet
• Wall hung is mounted on the wall

Lavatories

• A wash basin.

Types of Lavatories

• Wall Hung Lavatories: are mounted to the wall
• Pedestal Lavatories: have a stand for support
• Counter Type Lavatories
• One-Piece Lavatories

Types of Faucets

• Center set faucets work with single and three hole basins
• Wide spread faucets require holes with 8-16 inch centers

Kitchen Sinks

• Used for washing dishes, hands, and food items.

Kitchen Sink Types

• Single bowl with single drainer
• Double bowl with single drainer
• Double bowl with double drainer
• Triple sink
• Corner sink

Urinals

• Plumbing fixture for male bathroom use, wall-mounted and connected to a drainage system.
• Common materials: porcelain and stainless steel.

Urinal Types

• Wall-hung: Mounted on a wall to save space.
• Pedestal: Standalone fixture with a raised basin.
• Stall: Within an enclosed partition for privacy.
• Trough: Long, communal fixture.

Other Fixtures

• Bidet: For washing the middle part of the body.
• Bathtub: A tub for bathing one person.
• Slop Sink: Deep sink for janitors.
• Drinking Fountain: For drinking water.
• Laundry Tub: Sink for washing clothes.
• Shower Bath: Apparatus for spraying water on the body.
• Scrub Sink: For scrubbing hands in operating rooms.

Fittings

• Join pipes in plumbing.
• The fittings required depend on the existing pipe material.

Fitting Types

• Cap: closes the end of the pipe.
• Plug: closes off the end of a fitting, solvent is used
• Cleanout Plug: it is a cap a drain cleanout pipe
• Coupling: connects two pipes.
• Elbow: changes direction.
• Sweep: a type of elbow with a longer curve
• Tee: three openings in a T-shape, is either straight or reduced.
• Sanitary Tee: connects horizontal drains to vertical drains.
• Cross Tee: four equal openings.
• Wye Bend Tee: three openings, two in line, one at 45 degrees.

More Fitting Types

• Nipple: extends a run of pipe
• Floor Flange: connects pipe to flat surface.
• Closet Flange: connects toilets to drain.
• Offset Closet Flange: fixes incorrectly placed drains.
• Drop Ear Elbow: mounts elbow to the wall
• Bushing: reduces pipe size in a coupling.
• Union: disconnects pipes.
• Transition Union: joins different tubing types.
• Saddle Tee: joins a smaller drainpipe to larger.
• P-Trap: Prevents sewer gases.
• Plumbing accessories contribute to safety convenience and style

More Accessories

• Soap Holder
• Paper Holder
• Toothbrush and Tumbler holder
• Towel Holder Bar
• over the toilet storage rack
• Kitchen Accessories
• Sink Strainer These all contribute to organization

Sink Grid

• It elevates dishes to promote proper drainage

Other Accessories

• Shower caddy/Shelf
• Rugs
• Seat cover
• Toilet Brush Holder
• Waste bin

Plumbing Unit

• Includes one water meter, water closet, lavatory, kitchen sink, laundry tray, three floor drains, shower head, four faucets or hose bibs

Grades of Horizontal Piping

• Shall be run in practical alignment at a uniform grade of not less than 2%. Shall be supported no more than 3.0m apart

Grades of Vertical Piping

• All stacks shall be properly supported. A Soil Branch having a pitch of more than 2% has the tendency of waste separation. The water flow faster and heavy suspended materials are left and deposited at the bottom of the pipe

Changes In Direction

• All changes in direction shall be made by 45 degrees wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends, tee's may be used on vertical stacks

Prohobited Fittings

No double hub shall be used on horizontal soil or waste line.

Traps

• U-shaped or P-shaped fittings that prevent sewer gases from entering the building.

Trap Requirements

• Water Seal (50mm)
• Self Cleansing Design
• Leak Proof

Trap Types

• P-Trap
• S-Trap
• Q-Trap
• Continuous Trap
• Bottle Trap

Installation

• Every fixture needs a separate trap
• Close to and vented well
• Easy to access

Cleanouts

• Allow access for inspection and maintenance of drain lines.
• Needed to clear blockages, inspect lines, and maintain the system

Ventilation

• Vent Pipe ensures air circulation.

Vent Types

• Main Soil and Waste Vent
• Main Vent
• Individual Vent or Back Vent
• Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
• Relief Vent
• Yoke or By-Pass Vent
• Circuit Vent
• Looped Vent
• Wet Vent
• Local Vent
• Dry Vent
• Stack Vent
• Vent Stack

Sanitary System Problems

• Trap Seal Loss can be caused by -1. Direct Siphonage or Self Siphonage: traps in lavatories that empty contents rapidly -2. Indirect or Momentum Siphonage: large water discharge from upper flood fixtures -3. Back Pressure: caused by simultaneous fixture use -4. Capillary Action: caused by objects lodged in the trap that causes liquid to be wicked -5. Evaporation: traps that go an extended amount of time without use

House Drain

• The lowest horizontal piping of the drainage system.
• Directs waste ad waste water.

Sizing of House Drain

• The committee has developed a method of sizing house drains in terms of "Fixture Units" (DFU). One fixture unit equals approximately 7.5 gallons of water per minute Drain size depends on expected flow.

House drain Applications

• House drain has many applications such as; -1. House trap: Assembly of House trap, Back flow valves, Balanced and Unbalanced Valve -2. Area Drain -3. Floor Drain -4. Yard Catch Basin -5. Garage Catch Basin: Includes Drain tile receptor, Sewage ejector, Automatic water siphon Sump pit and Grease Basins

House Sewer

• Portion of horizontal drainage from outer face to main sewer.

Main Sewer

• Financed and maintained by the government ,those on the street with the connections must connect.

Storm Drain

• Conveys rain or storm water to a suitable terminal
• Storm water cannot discharge into a septic tank
• Collection and disposal of storm water is an important phase
• Improper planning can cause:
• Settlement of structure caused by erosion
• Run down water may create wall and window leakage
• Erode surroundings

Storm Drain Classifications

• Inside Storm Drain is under the basement or walls. Typically in business districts or buildings along the front of lots.
• Outside Storm Drain: installed outside the foundation wall
• Overhead Storm Drain: drainage is higher than basement floor

Roof Leader

: known as a water conductor that connects the roof to storm drain.

The Water System

• Building Water system is to provide potable water for use.

The Element Water

• Water is made of hydrigen and oxygen
• Liquid
• Solid
• Gas

The Water Cycle

• Evaporates
• Condenses
• Precipitates

Water sources

• Rainwater
• Advatages: Pure soft water,Suitable for heating
• Disadvantages: seasonal, storage may be a breeding ground for mosquito,may not be clean Natural
• Surface Water
• Advatages: Easy aquisition in large quatities, irrigation and industrial purposes
• Disadvantages: Large amounts of bacteria, require purification
• Ground Water
• Advatages: Requires less treatment because of natural filtering
• Disadvantages: has organic and chemical elements

Water Treatment

• Those processes used to make water more accessible for a desired end use.

• Aeration

• Coagulation- Flocculation

• Sedimentation

• Filtration

• Disinfection

Wells

• Excavation to access ground water
• Types are:
• Dug Wells ,lined with brick or stone and extending the lining upwards
• Driven Wells: Consists of point driven with hard end and screen
• Bored Wells: Dug with earth augers and often metal lined
• Drilled Wells: Hand drilled for great depths,

Water Storage

• Overhead Tank/ Gravity Supply Tank: Overhead water distribution
• Cistern : Catch and water and are known for their waterproof linings
• Pneumatic Water Tank:Pressurizes water to Create surge system in domestic water system
• Hot Water Tanks: Older domestic system which used a separate hot water tank

Types of Faucet

• Compression Cock (Operates by soft packing against a metal sheet.) Key Cock
• Round tapering plug that allows fluids to be released) Valve
• Constructed with a ball connected to the handle: Hose Bibb
• Water faucet made for a hose's threaded attachment:

###Water Distribution

• Water service pipe , water distribution pipes, Connecting Pipes, Fittings ControlValves

Parts

• Service Pipe: the pipe from main water
• Water Meter: Device used to measure the volume of water passed through the pipe
• Distribution Pipe: responsible fo conveying water from the main to individual use
• Fixtures
• Riser
• Riser: conveys water upward
• Fixture Branch
• Fixture Supply

Cold Water Distribution

• Direct: The water pressure comes from cities or companies
• Indirect Pumping: Water is stored a large tank ,to distribute

Type of Hot water systems

• Upfeed has small water and easy circulation
• Downfeed Hot water is dependent on its density and the force of gravity
• Pump CircutSystem ensures efficient water circulation on multistory

###Pressure

• Force to move water ,pressure is needed to overcome friction

Norm Pressure

• Ranges from 30-40 psi

Water Pressure

• Pressure Reducing: Minimise Excessive pressure
• Minimum Pressure where proper function takes place
• Friction Head Loss: Due to friction between surface and pipes
• Pressure Loss: Variances between main and exist, usually caused by friction

Causes of Water Pressure Fluctuation

• Peak Load
• Enmergicy
• System Damage
• Or Low levels

Maximum Demand

Refers to total unites on water Units are values that measure average gallon to minute use ,unit ,the formula is 8Gal

Problems

• Provide chart of measurements

Peak Load Estimate

Used to get estimate number of appliances

• The number of fixtures lowers percent
• Is the sum of the fixtures with gallons

Septic Tank

A receptacle /vault ,this Collects house waste from the sewer to collect and liquefy,precipate solid waste ,purifies.

• Sewage is retained -60-70 of solid is removed which forms sludge into scrum bacteria the form liquide The Process is called "digestion" for solid

The Process of Decomposition

• Aerobes the presence of oxygen
• Anaerrobes the abscence of oxygen Facultaive are bacteria,when the right amounts or temopertue moisture and foo supply,if no good, it will die -Antiseptic
• Volume of oil for grease to big will also kill

Excreta when decomopose wont utilize by bacteria.process of decomposition stabilization caused by anaeric-purtrefacation

Septic

-Turning dark that gives us bad odour that's anaerobic

1 * Compartments no less to and the total capacity Minimum width .9 Minimum length 1.5 Minimum liquids deep with minimum size 2 or manhole

• The vault and chambers are Vented through the sanitary Tees in the inlet and outlet Having the top ends open and Screened to make the tank Mosquito propf