Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the systematic review by Tong et al. (2020), which developmental aspect did unstructured play relate to?
According to the systematic review by Tong et al. (2020), which developmental aspect did unstructured play relate to?
Digital play has only positive effects on children according to the findings of Bochicchio et al. (2018).
Digital play has only positive effects on children according to the findings of Bochicchio et al. (2018).
False
What was one methodological limitation identified in assessing the relationship between play and development?
What was one methodological limitation identified in assessing the relationship between play and development?
Over reliance on correlational evidence
According to the content, creativity is assessed as __________ for causal support.
According to the content, creativity is assessed as __________ for causal support.
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Match the following developmental domains with their causal support:
Match the following developmental domains with their causal support:
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What is one predicted outcome of increased social play during the toddler years?
What is one predicted outcome of increased social play during the toddler years?
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Children who engage in more same-sex pretend play are often viewed as socially incompetent.
Children who engage in more same-sex pretend play are often viewed as socially incompetent.
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What does play help children learn related to their emotions?
What does play help children learn related to their emotions?
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Through play activities, children add to their vocabulary, syntax, and ______.
Through play activities, children add to their vocabulary, syntax, and ______.
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Match the type of play with its associated outcome:
Match the type of play with its associated outcome:
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Which of the following is linked to greater ability to engage in positive classroom behavior?
Which of the following is linked to greater ability to engage in positive classroom behavior?
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Play lacks a clear definition and extension.
Play lacks a clear definition and extension.
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What role does play have according to Burghardt et al (2015)?
What role does play have according to Burghardt et al (2015)?
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According to Vygotsky, play allows children to separate actions from __________.
According to Vygotsky, play allows children to separate actions from __________.
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Match the theorists with their propositions about play:
Match the theorists with their propositions about play:
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What cultural factors influence play activities?
What cultural factors influence play activities?
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Dolphins’ play behaviors have no connection to their foraging skills.
Dolphins’ play behaviors have no connection to their foraging skills.
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Who argued that children with poor pretend play skills are more disruptive in class?
Who argued that children with poor pretend play skills are more disruptive in class?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of play?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of play?
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Pretend play is considered a serious form of behavior.
Pretend play is considered a serious form of behavior.
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What is the term used to describe play that involves mimicking others?
What is the term used to describe play that involves mimicking others?
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In the developmental trajectory of play, __________ play occurs when children play alongside each other but do not interact.
In the developmental trajectory of play, __________ play occurs when children play alongside each other but do not interact.
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Match the type of play with its description:
Match the type of play with its description:
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Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation in play?
Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation in play?
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All children exhibit a consistent style of play regardless of their cultural background.
All children exhibit a consistent style of play regardless of their cultural background.
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Who proposed the classification of play types that include solitary, onlooker, and cooperative play?
Who proposed the classification of play types that include solitary, onlooker, and cooperative play?
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Which type of play involves children taking on roles and transforming objects?
Which type of play involves children taking on roles and transforming objects?
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Play is the only promoter of development according to Smith (2010).
Play is the only promoter of development according to Smith (2010).
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What were the two experimental conditions in the study by Dansky & Silverman?
What were the two experimental conditions in the study by Dansky & Silverman?
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______ play is linked to improvements in spatial processing and mental rotation.
______ play is linked to improvements in spatial processing and mental rotation.
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Match the type of play to its developmental benefit:
Match the type of play to its developmental benefit:
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What was the main finding from the study by Sylva, Bruner & Genova?
What was the main finding from the study by Sylva, Bruner & Genova?
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The Alternate-Uses Test showed that play decreased unique responses among children.
The Alternate-Uses Test showed that play decreased unique responses among children.
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According to Whitebeard et al. (2017), which type of play is linked to motor development?
According to Whitebeard et al. (2017), which type of play is linked to motor development?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Play
- Play can be defined as the spontaneous expression of thought and feeling.
- Play can be described as "non-serious", with playful behaviours more exaggerated than their functional counterparts.
- Play is often described as:
- Freely Chosen
- Pleasurable
- Intrinsically Motivated
- Actively Engaged
- Non-Literal
Developmental Trajectory of Play
- A developmental trajectory of play exists from birth.
- Unoccupied Play (birth)
- Solitary Play (2 years)
- Onlooker Play (2-2 1/2 years)
- Parallel Play (2 1/2-3 1/2 years)
- Associative Play (3-4 years)
- Cooperative Play (4-6 years)
Cultural & Gender Differences in Play
- There are variations in play across cultures and genders.
- Social play during toddler years has been linked to increased prosocial behaviour and decreased social withdrawal.
- Children engaging in more same-sex pretend play were better liked by peers and viewed by teachers as socially competent.
- Physical play is linked to the ability to "read" facial expressions.
Benefits of Play & Development
- Play is linked to positive child development.
- Emotional Understanding & Regulation: Play helps regulate emotions and fears.
- Language Development: Play activities increase vocabulary, syntax, and conversational formula.
- Creativity: Playful children are more creative; pretend play increases divergent thinking.
- Problem-solving & Academic Learning: Pretend play is important for academic learning and classroom behaviour.
Applied Relevance of Play
- Play is advocated for in many areas, including:
- Media
- Advertising
- Education Curricula
- Parenting Styles
- UN High Commissions
Play as an Evolutionary Skill
- Play is a natural part of development.
- Animals use play to learn complex skills for survival and reproduction.
- Rats deprived of play show behaviour deficits as adults.
Theoretical Propositions of Play
- Three theories attempt to explain the relationship between play and positive development:
- Crucial (Vygotsky): Play has a crucial role in development.
- Equifinality: Play is one of many contributing factors to positive development.
- Epiphenomenon (Piaget): Play reflects development.
Vygotsky's View on Play
- Vygotsky believed play was a crucial element of development, where children learn the difference between actions and reality.
- "In play a child is always above his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself. As in the focus of a magnifying glass, play contains all developmental tendencies in a condensed form; in play it is as though the child were trying to jump above the level of his normal behavior”
Piaget's View on Play
- Piaget viewed play as a reflection of development.
- Children use play to experiment with bodily sensations and motor movements.
- Symbolic play is characterized by children taking on roles and transforming objects.
- Play with rules helps children understand structure and competition.
Smith's View of Play
- Smith argued for the "Equifinality" perspective, suggesting multiple factors contribute to development, of which play is just one.
Evidence for the Relationship Between Play and Development
- Many studies show the benefits of play on cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development.
- Different types of play can support different developmental domains.
- Physical Play is linked to motor development.
- Block Play helps spatial processing and mental rotation.
- Outdoor Play encourages imagination.
- Role-playing games enhance empathy.
Limitations of Research on Play and Development
- There are limitations to existing research on play and development:
- Over-reliance on correlational evidence.
- Non-uniform characteristics of children in research.
- Undescribed confounding or moderating variables.
Conclusion
- There is a strong "pro-play" bias in research.
- Research suggests different aspects of play may contribute to different developmental outcomes.
- Methodological limitations make it difficult to definitively prove the relationship between play and development.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of play as a fundamental aspect of child development, detailing its characteristics and stages from birth through early childhood. It also examines cultural and gender differences in play behavior. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in child development.
