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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary function of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
- To eliminate carbon dioxide and wastes
- To synthesize proteins and cell components
- To facilitate exchanges between cells and the external environment (correct)
- To act as the basic unit of life
Which process is NOT involved in maintaining homeostasis?
Which process is NOT involved in maintaining homeostasis?
- Positive feedback
- Reproduction (correct)
- Dynamic steady state
- Negative feedback
Which level of organization is considered the basic unit of life?
Which level of organization is considered the basic unit of life?
- Atom
- Tissue
- Cell (correct)
- Organ
What does negative feedback do in the context of homeostasis?
What does negative feedback do in the context of homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a body system involved in maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a body system involved in maintaining homeostasis?
How does the body respond to environmental changes?
How does the body respond to environmental changes?
What characterizes positive feedback in homeostasis?
What characterizes positive feedback in homeostasis?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the chemical composition of extracellular fluid?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the chemical composition of extracellular fluid?
What is produced by white blood cells that affects the hypothalamic set point for temperature?
What is produced by white blood cells that affects the hypothalamic set point for temperature?
What occurs when the hypothalamic set point is altered in response to endogenous pyrogens?
What occurs when the hypothalamic set point is altered in response to endogenous pyrogens?
What is the primary effect of endogenous pyrogens on bodily processes?
What is the primary effect of endogenous pyrogens on bodily processes?
What characterizes the inside of a resting cell membrane?
What characterizes the inside of a resting cell membrane?
What is the result of the body's temperature response to endogenous pyrogens?
What is the result of the body's temperature response to endogenous pyrogens?
What is the main role of the hypothalamus during a fever?
What is the main role of the hypothalamus during a fever?
Which statement correctly describes the membrane potential?
Which statement correctly describes the membrane potential?
What initiates the body mechanisms to produce heat during a fever?
What initiates the body mechanisms to produce heat during a fever?
What happens to the membrane potential during repolarization?
What happens to the membrane potential during repolarization?
Which ion channel is responsible for initiating the repolarization phase?
Which ion channel is responsible for initiating the repolarization phase?
What effect does hyperpolarization have on the membrane potential?
What effect does hyperpolarization have on the membrane potential?
What role does the Na+/K+ pump play in action potentials?
What role does the Na+/K+ pump play in action potentials?
What characteristic of sodium channels contributes to the action potential's propagation?
What characteristic of sodium channels contributes to the action potential's propagation?
What is the primary function of muscle cells?
What is the primary function of muscle cells?
What is the sarcolemma in muscle cells?
What is the sarcolemma in muscle cells?
How does the myofibril function within skeletal muscle cells?
How does the myofibril function within skeletal muscle cells?
What is the primary composition of thick filaments in muscle fibers?
What is the primary composition of thick filaments in muscle fibers?
What creates the striated appearance of myofibrils?
What creates the striated appearance of myofibrils?
Which part of the muscle fiber does the 'H' zone refer to?
Which part of the muscle fiber does the 'H' zone refer to?
What roles do Troponin and Tropomyosin play in muscle contraction?
What roles do Troponin and Tropomyosin play in muscle contraction?
What defines the 'A' band in muscle fibers?
What defines the 'A' band in muscle fibers?
Which structure is directly involved in the transmission of the nerve impulse to muscle fibers?
Which structure is directly involved in the transmission of the nerve impulse to muscle fibers?
What is the function of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction?
What is the function of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction?
The autonomic nervous system regulates which type of muscle?
The autonomic nervous system regulates which type of muscle?
What are the primary components of thin filaments?
What are the primary components of thin filaments?
What structure surrounds each myofibril?
What structure surrounds each myofibril?
What are the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
What are the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Where does the cell body of the first neuron of the ANS lie?
Where does the cell body of the first neuron of the ANS lie?
Which type of nerve fibers have their cell bodies in the autonomic ganglia?
Which type of nerve fibers have their cell bodies in the autonomic ganglia?
What type of neurotransmitter is primarily released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers?
What type of neurotransmitter is primarily released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers?
What are the receptors called that respond to Acetylcholine?
What are the receptors called that respond to Acetylcholine?
Which type of fibers are referred to as adrenergic fibers?
Which type of fibers are referred to as adrenergic fibers?
Which statement is NOT true about Acetylcholine in the autonomic system?
Which statement is NOT true about Acetylcholine in the autonomic system?
What is the primary function of preganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of preganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology
- Study of biological functions of the body.
- Key concepts include homeostasis, cellular transport, action potential, muscle function, and autonomic nervous system.
Homeostasis
- Definition: Maintenance of a stable internal environment necessary for cell survival.
- Organizational levels: organism, body system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom.
- Basic cell functions: nutrient and oxygen uptake, waste elimination, chemical reaction facilitation, material exchange, sensitivity to environmental changes, and reproduction.
Body Systems
- Includes the circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, immune, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- Acts as an intermediary between cells and the external environment.
- ECF exchanges water and other constituents between intracellular fluid (ICF) and the external environment.
Chemical Composition of ECF
- Important parameters: volume, pressure, temperature, pH, osmolarity.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Negative Feedback: Opposes changes; helps maintain stability.
- Positive Feedback: Enhances changes; amplifies initial conditions (e.g., fever response).
Action Potential
- Fundamental for nerve signal transmission; consists of depolarization and repolarization phases.
- Resting membrane potential: More positive ions outside the cell and more negative ions inside.
- Key process: Sodium channels open during depolarization, followed by potassium channels during repolarization.
- Action potentials regenerate along the membrane without diminishing.
Muscle Structure
- Muscle cells (fibers) specialize in contraction, enabling movement.
- Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of muscle cells.
- Myofibrils contain actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments responsible for contraction and striated appearance.
Neuromuscular Junction
- Site where motor neurons communicate with muscle fibers, facilitating muscle contraction through acetylcholine release.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Regulates involuntary activities of smooth and cardiac muscles, alongside glandular functions.
- Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Autonomic Nerve Pathways
- Comprises a two-neuron chain connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to effector organs.
- First neuron in the CNS, second neuron located in a ganglion outside the CNS.
Autonomic Nerve Fibers
- Preganglionic Fibers: Myelinated, originate from the CNS, synapsing with postganglionic neurons.
- Postganglionic Fibers: Unmyelinated, originate in autonomic ganglia, innervating the target organs.
Neurotransmitters of the ANS
- Acetylcholine (ACh): Released by cholinergic fibers; involved in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems; quickly inactivated for short, localized effects.
- Types of cholinergic receptors: Nicotinic and Muscarinic.
- Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline): Released from adrenergic fibers, mainly from sympathetic postganglionic neurons, influencing longer-lasting effects.
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