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Questions and Answers
What is the highest level of organization in the hierarchy of animal structures?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
What type of tissue is responsible for facilitating muscle movement?
What is the function of connective tissue in the body?
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What is the function of nerve tissue in the body?
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What is the main component of bone tissue?
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What is the primary function of skeletal muscles?
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Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from the body to the brain?
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What is the normal pH level of blood in a healthy individual?
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Which organ system is responsible for transmitting signals through the body?
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What is the primary function of cardiac muscles?
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What is the term for the body's ability to maintain a healthy balance of bodily functions?
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Study Notes
Hierarchy of Structures in Animals
- Multi-cellular organisms are made up of specialized cells that have a particular structure and perform a specific function.
- Cells combine to form tissues, which are a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function.
- When two or more types of tissues work together, they form an organ.
- Organs and structures work together to perform a major vital body function, forming an organ system.
- Organ systems working together create an organism.
Tissues
- There are four types of tissues: nerve, muscle, epithelial, and connective.
- Each type of tissue has a specific function and is composed of specialized cells.
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial tissue is a group of tightly packed cells that cover the body's surfaces, line organs, and cavities.
- Examples of epithelial tissue include skin and the lining of organs.
- Epithelial tissue can be a single cell layer or multiple layers.
Epithelial Tissue Functions
- Allows materials to pass through the body (e.g., oxygen in the lungs).
- Protects the body from injury.
- Provides support to the body.
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue is made up of both specialized cells and non-living substances.
- Examples of connective tissue include blood, bone, cartilage, and tendons.
- Connective tissue provides support, protection, and connections between organs.
Connective Tissue Functions
- Supports and connects the body's organs.
- Transports nutrients and wastes throughout the body (e.g., blood).
Bone
- Bone is made of living bone cells surrounded by a hard, non-living material.
- Bones are connected to each other by ligaments and muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
- Cartilage is found in joints.
Nerve Tissue
- Nerve tissue is the most complex tissue and makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Nerve tissue transmits signals throughout the body.
Nerve Tissue Functions and Cell Types
- Transmits signals through the body.
- Consists of three main types of nerve cells: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
- Sensory neurons carry information from the body to the brain.
- Motor neurons carry information from the brain to the body.
- Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons.
Muscle Tissue
- Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can contract (get shorter).
- There are three types of muscle cells: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
- Skeletal muscles are voluntary (controlled by the individual).
- Cardiac muscles are involuntary (controlled by the heart).
- Smooth muscles are involuntary (controlled by organs and other tissues).
Muscle Tissue Functions
- Connects bones, allowing us to move.
- Enables organs to function properly (e.g., heart pumping blood).
- Breaks down food in the stomach and intestines.
Organ Systems
- There are eight organ systems in the human body: nervous, respiratory, reproductive, musculoskeletal, circulatory, digestive, excretory, and endocrine.
- Each organ system is composed of groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a healthy balance.
- Normal levels of bodily functions include:
- Blood pH: 7.35
- Temperature: 37°C
- Heart Rate: 72 beats per minute
Diagnosis
- When sick, doctors compare individual values to normal levels to diagnose and treat illnesses.
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Description
Understand the hierarchy of structures in animals, from specialized cells to organ systems. Learn how cells, tissues, and organs work together to maintain homeostasis. Test your knowledge of animal biology and organization.
