Introduction to Physics Concepts

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Key Concepts:
- Motion: Described by laws of kinematics and dynamics; includes concepts like velocity, acceleration, and force.
- Forces: Interaction that causes an object to change its motion (Newton's Laws of Motion).
- Energy: The capacity to do work; includes kinetic energy (energy of motion) and potential energy (stored energy).
- Thermodynamics: Study of heat transfer; includes laws governing energy conservation, heat engines, and entropy.
- Waves: Oscillations that transfer energy; includes sound waves, electromagnetic waves, and wave properties (wavelength, frequency, amplitude).
- Electricity and Magnetism: Study of electric charges, electric fields, circuits, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic induction.
- Relativity: Einstein's theories (special and general) that describe the physics of high speeds and gravitational effects.
- Quantum Mechanics: The study of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels; includes principles like wave-particle duality and uncertainty.

Definition: The science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules:
  - Atoms: Basic units of matter; consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  - Molecules: Combinations of two or more atoms bonded together.
- Periodic Table: Organized chart of elements; groups elements by similar properties and atomic number.
- Chemical Bonds:
  - Ionic Bonds: Formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
  - Covalent Bonds: Formed by the sharing of electrons.
  - Metallic Bonds: Involves the pooling of electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.
- Reactions:
  - Types include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement.
  - Conservation of mass: Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
- Acids and Bases:
  - Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) in solutions.
  - Bases: Substances that accept protons; often produce OH- ions in solutions.
- Stoichiometry: Calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions; involves molar ratios and balancing equations.
- Thermochemistry: Study of heat changes during chemical reactions; includes concepts like enthalpy and calorimetry.
- Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds; includes functional groups, reactions, and mechanisms.

Physics explores matter, energy, and the fundamental forces governing nature.
Motion involves kinematics and dynamics, focusing on key elements such as velocity, acceleration, and force.
Forces, as articulated by Newton's Laws of Motion, trigger changes in an object's state of motion.
Energy, defined as potential to perform work, is categorized into kinetic energy (movement) and potential energy (stored).
Thermodynamics examines heat transfer and includes principles of energy conservation, operational laws for heat engines, and entropy.
Waves are energy-transmitting oscillations, encompassing sound waves and electromagnetic waves, and are characterized by properties such as wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
Electricity and magnetism analyze electric charges, fields, circuits, and phenomena around electromagnetic induction.
Relativity, attributed to Einstein, explains the effects of gravity and high speeds through special and general relativity theories.
Quantum mechanics investigates atomic and subatomic particles, revealing principles such as wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.

Chemistry is focused on the composition, structure, properties, and transformations of matter.
Atoms are the basic units of matter, comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons, while molecules are formed by atom combinations.
The periodic table categorizes elements based on atomic number and similar characteristics, facilitating understanding of their properties.
Chemical bonds include:
- Ionic bonds, arising from electron transfer between atoms.
- Covalent bonds, which involve sharing electrons.
- Metallic bonds, characterized by shared pools of electrons in metal atom lattices.
Reactions in chemistry can be categorized as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, or double replacement, adhering to the law of conservation of mass.
Acids donate protons (H+) in solutions, whereas bases accept protons and may produce hydroxide ions (OH-).
Stoichiometry involves calculating the quantities of reactants and products in reactions, focusing on molar ratios and equation balance.
Thermochemistry studies heat changes in chemical processes, including concepts like enthalpy and calorimetry.
Organic chemistry emphasizes carbon-containing compounds, exploring functional groups and their reactions.