Questions and Answers
How do existentialism and phenomenology relate to the concept of interpersonal relations?
They are the major philosophical branches that discuss interpersonal relations extensively.
How does the individual primarily perceive and relate to reality?
Through an egocentric perspective.
How does the existentialist perspective define interpersonal relations?
As the 'self' being aware of the 'other'.
In the context of philosophical discussions, what does 'the other' refer to?
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How does the existentialist perspective view the concept of the 'other' in interpersonal relations?
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What is the mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples when evaluating a specific topic?
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What is the responsibility of Ethics of Care towards others?
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How does Christianity define interpersonal relations?
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Which type of society is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland?
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What did God establish in the Old Testament as the ideal relationship between man and woman?
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What type of rule governs the interactions in society according to the text?
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What does intersubjectivity refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of intersubjectivity?
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At what level does intersubjectivity go beyond the simple awareness of the existence of others?
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What sets human interactions apart from interactions of other species?
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Which concept is associated with one's capacity to understand others' situations?
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What does alienation refer to?
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What is the primary characteristic of an industrial society?
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What do Enlightenment philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau imagine as the natural state of humans?
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What is the role of authority according to Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory?
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What is the primary focus of social philosophy?
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What characterizes a virtual society?
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What is modern society defined as?
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According to John Locke, what is the basis of society?
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What is Jean Jacques Rousseau's concept that describes the collective will of the people?
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What is the primary role of government according to these philosophers?
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What is the term for the process by which people adopt social norms and behaviors?
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What is the term for the expected behaviors associated with a particular social position?
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What is the perspective that considers a democratic society as morally desirable?
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Study Notes
Interpersonal Relations
- Interpersonal relations refer to the way individuals relate with other persons
- Existentialism and phenomenology are two philosophical branches that discuss interpersonal relations
- The individual is primarily aware of himself, and it is the egocentric perspective that defines how he/she perceives and relates to reality
The Self and the Other
- The "self" is aware of the "other" as an object outside of personal experience
- Intersubjectivity refers to the interaction between the self and the other, involving shared awareness and understanding among persons
- It is evident in everyday social interactions, shared knowledge, and emotions like grief, joy, and love
Levels of Self-Interaction
- Simple awareness of the existence of the other
- Deeper level: awareness of the self as being seen by others
- Self-consciousness is a defining characteristic of the self-other relationship
Various Concepts in Interpersonal Relations
- Familiarity: the unique phenomenon of the human gaze
- Seeming: proposed by Martin Buber, refers to self-presentation
- Dialogue: occurs when one person views another person as important
- Alienation: the state of isolation that happens when we cease to look at other people as significant and authentic
- Empathy: one's capacity to understand other people's situation
Social Contract Theorists
- John Locke: man in his natural state is more cooperative and reasonable, and society is formed through the consent of the governed
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: advocated the concept of the "general will" and that man is cooperative
Society and the Individual
- Socialization: a person adopts a set of ideals and behavior considered appropriate within his society
- Social institutions: social roles entail a set of expected behaviors that must be performed by a person
- Normative democratic theory: a perspective that considers a democratic society as morally desirable
Types of Societies
- Industrial society: uses technologies of mass production to make vast amounts of goods in factories
- Modern society: defined as people living together in current time, based on expansion of education, technology, industry, and urban life
- Virtual society: a social form where people do not have to live, meet, or work face-to-face to develop or maintain a significant relationship
Social Philosophy
- Focuses on studying society and its influence on the human person
- Topics include social ontology, social ethics, democracy, human rights, equality, and justice
Origins of Human Society
- Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau: prominent social theorists who tackled the origins of human society
- Imagined humans as living in a so-called "natural state", removed from modernity and civilization
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