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What is the primary focus of metaphysics in philosophy?
Socrates is considered the first martyr of education and philosophy.
True
Who is known as the father of the academy?
Plato
The branch of philosophy that studies the nature and scope of knowledge is called _____ .
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Match the following philosophers with their key concepts:
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In Plato's theory, which part of the soul is associated with logical thinking?
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Axiology primarily deals with the study of human conduct and ethics.
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What method involves questioning oneself, playing the roles of teacher and student?
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Which philosopher is known for the phrase 'Cogito ergo sum'?
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John Locke believed that the self is a permanent entity.
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What does the term 'tabula rasa' mean?
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According to David Hume, the self is only the accumulation of different ______.
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Which philosopher is associated with the concept of eliminative materialism?
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Match the philosopher with their key concept:
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Immanuel Kant proposed that the inner and outer selves unify to give us consciousness.
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What does Gilbert Ryle mean by 'The self is the way people behave'?
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Study Notes
Philosophy Overview
- Philosophy seeks knowledge through rational inquiry and examines the nature and existence of humanity and the world.
- The term philosophy roots from Greek words, meaning "love for wisdom."
- Philosophers explore truths, values, meanings, and relevance, often asking profound questions.
Branches of Philosophy
- Metaphysics: Investigates the nature of reality.
- Epistemology: Explores the nature and scope of knowledge.
- Ethics: Studies and evaluates human conduct.
- Aesthetics: Examines the nature of beauty.
Socrates
- Regarded as the first martyr for education and philosophy.
- Emphasized the importance of self-knowledge in achieving a "good life."
- Proposed that humans are dualistic, divided into the imperfect body and the perfect, permanent soul.
Introspection and the Socratic Method
- The Socratic Method involves self-questioning, where individuals act as both teacher and student.
Plato
- Known as the father of the Academy.
- Believed in a dualist view of the person, comprising body and soul.
- Proposed that the soul has three parts: Rational (logical), Spirited (emotional), and Appetitive (physical desires).
St. Augustine
- A Catholic Church philosopher who believed in the encompassing nature of God.
- Viewed humanity's dual nature as imperfect and immortal, with the soul achieving immortality through communion with God.
René Descartes
- A French philosopher considered the father of modern philosophy.
- Introduced the concept "cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), emphasizing rationalism and dualism (body and mind).
- Developed the Method of Doubt to affirm existence through constant questioning.
John Locke
- An English philosopher and father of classical liberalism.
- Concept of "tabula rasa" (blank slate) represents the idea that individuals are shaped by their experiences.
David Hume
- A Scottish philosopher noted for empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
- Argued there is no permanent self; identity is formed from an accumulation of impressions shaped by experiences.
Immanuel Kant
- A German philosopher known for integrating empiricism and rationalism.
- Proposed the existence of both an inner self (psychological and rational) and an outer self (senses and physical world).
Gilbert Ryle
- Defined the self through behavior, asserting that actions and reactions define personal identity.
Paul Churchland
- A Canadian philosopher advocating eliminative materialism, suggesting the physical brain, not an abstract mind, constitutes the self.
- Proposed the existence of both brain and body as distinct.
Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty
- Argued against the separation of body and mind, viewing them as integrated.
- Suggested perception guides action, whereby the body perceives and consciousness interprets experiences to forge the self.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of philosophy, including its branches such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. It highlights significant philosophers like Socrates and Plato, along with philosophical methods such as introspection and the Socratic Method.
