Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main definition of pharmacovigilance?
What is the main definition of pharmacovigilance?
- The study of herbal medicine
- The monitoring of drug-related problems (correct)
- The administration of vaccines
- The study of alternative medicine practices
Why is pharmacovigilance considered important in the medical field?
Why is pharmacovigilance considered important in the medical field?
- To reduce the availability of essential medicines
- To promote the irrational use of drugs
- To ensure patient safety and prevent adverse drug effects (correct)
- To increase the cost of medications
What is the status of pharmacovigilance systems in low and middle income countries?
What is the status of pharmacovigilance systems in low and middle income countries?
- Some countries have no systems while others have systems comparable to industrialized countries (correct)
- All countries have advanced systems
- All countries have well-established systems
- Only high-income countries have systems
Which organization has undertaken the initiative to produce a Pharmacovigilance Strategy for countries?
Which organization has undertaken the initiative to produce a Pharmacovigilance Strategy for countries?
What is the purpose of identifying minimum requirements for pharmacovigilance?
What is the purpose of identifying minimum requirements for pharmacovigilance?
What does the minimum requirements document describe?
What does the minimum requirements document describe?
What is the main purpose of the USP/NF monographs mentioned in the text?
What is the main purpose of the USP/NF monographs mentioned in the text?
The role of the national formulary does NOT include:
The role of the national formulary does NOT include:
What does the Essential Drug Programme emphasize in terms of drug management?
What does the Essential Drug Programme emphasize in terms of drug management?
Which category of medicines fall under Anti-Convulsants/Anti-Epileptics as mentioned in the text?
Which category of medicines fall under Anti-Convulsants/Anti-Epileptics as mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of Anti-allergic medicines as stated in the text?
What is the purpose of Anti-allergic medicines as stated in the text?
What is the main objective of the WHO model formulary in national drug formulary as per the text?
What is the main objective of the WHO model formulary in national drug formulary as per the text?
What is the role of nurses in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme?
What is the role of nurses in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme?
Which group of medicines is used to treat gout according to the text?
Which group of medicines is used to treat gout according to the text?
What is the important function of the Blood products and Plasma Substitutes mentioned in the text?
What is the important function of the Blood products and Plasma Substitutes mentioned in the text?
What is the main focus of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the main focus of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the purpose of a national pharmacovigilance system regarding medicine quality?
What is the purpose of a national pharmacovigilance system regarding medicine quality?
Which body contributed to the development of the minimum requirements document for national pharmacovigilance systems?
Which body contributed to the development of the minimum requirements document for national pharmacovigilance systems?
What is one function of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is one function of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What kind of committee should be present in a national pharmacovigilance system?
What kind of committee should be present in a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the purpose of a national spontaneous reporting system?
What is the purpose of a national spontaneous reporting system?
What is self-medication?
What is self-medication?
Which entity should a national pharmacovigilance center collaborate with?
Which entity should a national pharmacovigilance center collaborate with?
What is a national pharmacovigilance center required to have?
What is a national pharmacovigilance center required to have?
Which function is NOT part of a national pharmacovigilance system?
Which function is NOT part of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What are the potential risks of self-medication practices?
What are the potential risks of self-medication practices?
Why is patient education important in the use of drugs?
Why is patient education important in the use of drugs?
What does non-compliance to medication in patients lead to?
What does non-compliance to medication in patients lead to?
What is the role of patient education according to the text?
What is the role of patient education according to the text?
What is a possible consequence of under-prescription in nursing homes?
What is a possible consequence of under-prescription in nursing homes?
Which type of adverse drug reaction is pharmacologically predicted and dose-related?
Which type of adverse drug reaction is pharmacologically predicted and dose-related?
Why is counseling patients about the benefits and risks of a drug important?
Why is counseling patients about the benefits and risks of a drug important?
What is the purpose of a national formulary?
What is the purpose of a national formulary?
What happens in over prescription of drugs?
What happens in over prescription of drugs?
Why do some patients practice self-medication?
Why do some patients practice self-medication?
Which type of adverse drug reaction depends on the interaction with microorganisms and is pharmacologically predictable?
Which type of adverse drug reaction depends on the interaction with microorganisms and is pharmacologically predictable?
What are the consequences of incorrect self-diagnosis in self-medication practices?
What are the consequences of incorrect self-diagnosis in self-medication practices?
What can be a consequence of under-medicating a patient in terms of prescription?
What can be a consequence of under-medicating a patient in terms of prescription?
How does patient medication counseling help in drug use?
How does patient medication counseling help in drug use?
Which type of adverse drug reaction requires the activation of the immune system?
Which type of adverse drug reaction requires the activation of the immune system?
What is a possible consequence of multiple drug prescription (Poly pharmacy)?
What is a possible consequence of multiple drug prescription (Poly pharmacy)?
What is a key aspect of compliance to medication according to the text?
What is a key aspect of compliance to medication according to the text?
Which classification of adverse effects is said to be the best according to the text?
Which classification of adverse effects is said to be the best according to the text?
What are withdrawal symptoms that can occur due to drug over prescription?
What are withdrawal symptoms that can occur due to drug over prescription?
Which type of adverse drug reaction improves if the medicine is reintroduced?
Which type of adverse drug reaction improves if the medicine is reintroduced?
What type of medicine is used for treating heart failure?
What type of medicine is used for treating heart failure?
Which medication is used as an anti-infective and anti-inflammatory agent for dermatological issues?
Which medication is used as an anti-infective and anti-inflammatory agent for dermatological issues?
Which medicine is used to treat psychotic disorders?
Which medicine is used to treat psychotic disorders?
What is the purpose of disinfectants such as Sodium Hypochorite and Lysol?
What is the purpose of disinfectants such as Sodium Hypochorite and Lysol?
Which category of medicines is used in the treatment of diarrhea?
Which category of medicines is used in the treatment of diarrhea?
What are examples of anti-malarial medicines?
What are examples of anti-malarial medicines?
What is the purpose of anti-leishmaniasis agents like Pentamidine isethionate?
What is the purpose of anti-leishmaniasis agents like Pentamidine isethionate?
Which medicine would be useful in correcting water, electrolytes, and acid-base disturbances?
Which medicine would be useful in correcting water, electrolytes, and acid-base disturbances?
In which category do medicines like Glucose, Glimipride, and Gliclazine fall?
In which category do medicines like Glucose, Glimipride, and Gliclazine fall?
For what purpose are muscle relaxants like Atracurium besylate typically used?
For what purpose are muscle relaxants like Atracurium besylate typically used?
Which type of adverse effect occurs unpredictably and often result in high morbidity and mortality?
Which type of adverse effect occurs unpredictably and often result in high morbidity and mortality?
What is an example of a Type C chronic adverse effect?
What is an example of a Type C chronic adverse effect?
Which type of adverse effect arises from remote reactions and can occur years later?
Which type of adverse effect arises from remote reactions and can occur years later?
What is an example of an end-of-reaction adverse effect that occurs upon stopping the drug?
What is an example of an end-of-reaction adverse effect that occurs upon stopping the drug?
Why are harmful drug interactions considered important?
Why are harmful drug interactions considered important?
Which statement is true about drug-drug interactions?
Which statement is true about drug-drug interactions?
In pharmacokinetic interactions, how do drugs affect each other's effects?
In pharmacokinetic interactions, how do drugs affect each other's effects?
What is an example of therapeutic duplication?
What is an example of therapeutic duplication?
When clinicians use predictable drug-drug interactions to achieve a desired therapeutic result, what are they relying on?
When clinicians use predictable drug-drug interactions to achieve a desired therapeutic result, what are they relying on?
In what way do Type E end-of-reaction effects typically occur?
In what way do Type E end-of-reaction effects typically occur?
What is the main goal of pharmacovigilance?
What is the main goal of pharmacovigilance?
What does the text suggest about the practice of pharmacovigilance in low and middle income countries?
What does the text suggest about the practice of pharmacovigilance in low and middle income countries?
Who requested the World Health Organisation to develop a Pharmacovigilance Strategy?
Who requested the World Health Organisation to develop a Pharmacovigilance Strategy?
What is the purpose of establishing minimum requirements for pharmacovigilance systems?
What is the purpose of establishing minimum requirements for pharmacovigilance systems?
What is the role of the World Health Organization in advancing pharmacovigilance worldwide?
What is the role of the World Health Organization in advancing pharmacovigilance worldwide?
Why is a national pharmacovigilance system described as important?
Why is a national pharmacovigilance system described as important?
What is a potential risk associated with self-medication practices?
What is a potential risk associated with self-medication practices?
What is a major problem related to self-medication as mentioned in the text?
What is a major problem related to self-medication as mentioned in the text?
What does medication non-adherence in patients lead to?
What does medication non-adherence in patients lead to?
What is the role of patient education in drug management?
What is the role of patient education in drug management?
Why is counseling patients about the benefits and risks of a drug important?
Why is counseling patients about the benefits and risks of a drug important?
What is the purpose of a national drug formulary?
What is the purpose of a national drug formulary?
Compliance to medication refers to conformity with recommendations about:
Compliance to medication refers to conformity with recommendations about:
What can potential risks of self-medication practices arise from?
What can potential risks of self-medication practices arise from?
What is an important aspect of patient education in drug management according to the text?
What is an important aspect of patient education in drug management according to the text?
What does non-compliance to medication in patients lead to?
What does non-compliance to medication in patients lead to?
What is the purpose of prescribing excessive or unnecessary medication?
What is the purpose of prescribing excessive or unnecessary medication?
What is the risk associated with under-prescription or under-medication?
What is the risk associated with under-prescription or under-medication?
Which category of medicines is commonly used for urology purposes such as diuresis?
Which category of medicines is commonly used for urology purposes such as diuresis?
What is the main purpose of anti-leishmaniasis agents like Pentamidine isethionate?
What is the main purpose of anti-leishmaniasis agents like Pentamidine isethionate?
What is the primary function of anti-thrombotic medicines like Acetylsalicylic acid and Atorvastatin?
What is the primary function of anti-thrombotic medicines like Acetylsalicylic acid and Atorvastatin?
Which category of medicines is used in the treatment of depression disorders?
Which category of medicines is used in the treatment of depression disorders?
Which type of medicines are used in the management of respiratory conditions like asthma?
Which type of medicines are used in the management of respiratory conditions like asthma?
What is the primary function of anti-malarial medicines like Mefloquine and Primaquine?
What is the primary function of anti-malarial medicines like Mefloquine and Primaquine?
Which class of medicines is used for inducing ovulation?
Which class of medicines is used for inducing ovulation?
What role do anti-leishmaniasis agents like Pentamidine isethionate serve?
What role do anti-leishmaniasis agents like Pentamidine isethionate serve?
What could be a consequence of a nursing home intentionally under-medicating a patient?
What could be a consequence of a nursing home intentionally under-medicating a patient?
Which classification of adverse drug reactions involves adverse effects that are dose-related and improve upon drug withdrawal?
Which classification of adverse drug reactions involves adverse effects that are dose-related and improve upon drug withdrawal?
What is an example of an adverse reaction that is genetically predisposed and causes hemolytic anemia?
What is an example of an adverse reaction that is genetically predisposed and causes hemolytic anemia?
Which type of adverse drug reaction is relative to drug concentration and has irritant action?
Which type of adverse drug reaction is relative to drug concentration and has irritant action?
What can multiple drug prescriptions (Poly pharmacy) lead to due to possible dangerous interactions between medications?
What can multiple drug prescriptions (Poly pharmacy) lead to due to possible dangerous interactions between medications?
Which category of adverse drug reactions is dependent on the interaction with microorganisms and is pharmacologically predictable?
Which category of adverse drug reactions is dependent on the interaction with microorganisms and is pharmacologically predictable?
What is a possible consequence of under-prescribing medications to a patient?
What is a possible consequence of under-prescribing medications to a patient?
Which type of adverse effect is characterized by genetic irreversible damages such as teratogenic effects?
Which type of adverse effect is characterized by genetic irreversible damages such as teratogenic effects?
How do stimulants, like those mentioned, potentially affect the body?
How do stimulants, like those mentioned, potentially affect the body?
What is a possible effect of sudden stoppage of medication when given in an overdose?
What is a possible effect of sudden stoppage of medication when given in an overdose?
What is one of the main objectives of a national drug formulary as established by the WHO model formulary?
What is one of the main objectives of a national drug formulary as established by the WHO model formulary?
Which group of medicines falls under Anti-Allergic and Medicines used in Anaphylaxis category?
Which group of medicines falls under Anti-Allergic and Medicines used in Anaphylaxis category?
What is the role of nurses in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme related to drug management?
What is the role of nurses in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme related to drug management?
Which category of medicine is used to treat Gout according to the text?
Which category of medicine is used to treat Gout according to the text?
What is one of the roles of the national formulary in the rationale prescribing process?
What is one of the roles of the national formulary in the rationale prescribing process?
What is the main function of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the main function of a national pharmacovigilance system?
Which category of medicine is considered part of the Anti-Infective Medicines as mentioned in the text?
Which category of medicine is considered part of the Anti-Infective Medicines as mentioned in the text?
What does a national ADR or pharmacovigilance advisory committee provide assistance on?
What does a national ADR or pharmacovigilance advisory committee provide assistance on?
What type of adverse events does pharmacovigilance aim to identify?
What type of adverse events does pharmacovigilance aim to identify?
What is the primary focus of the roles of the nurse in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme?
What is the primary focus of the roles of the nurse in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme?
What is the primary goal of drug safety surveillance?
What is the primary goal of drug safety surveillance?
What is the purpose of the Essential Drug List Medicines mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of the Essential Drug List Medicines mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of a national database for managing ADR reports?
What is the purpose of a national database for managing ADR reports?
How do the USP/NF monographs ensure the quality of compounded preparations?
How do the USP/NF monographs ensure the quality of compounded preparations?
What is the significance of having a clear communication strategy in pharmacovigilance?
What is the significance of having a clear communication strategy in pharmacovigilance?
What do essential drug lists primarily emphasize in terms of drug use management?
What do essential drug lists primarily emphasize in terms of drug use management?
What is identified through pharmacovigilance for the benefit of public health programs?
What is identified through pharmacovigilance for the benefit of public health programs?
What is the role of global health organizations in promoting pharmacovigilance?
What is the role of global health organizations in promoting pharmacovigilance?
Why is the identification of signals of medicine safety important in pharmacovigilance?
Why is the identification of signals of medicine safety important in pharmacovigilance?
How does a national pharmacovigilance system support national treatment guidelines?
How does a national pharmacovigilance system support national treatment guidelines?
Which type of adverse effect occurs during prolonged exposure and not with single doses?
Which type of adverse effect occurs during prolonged exposure and not with single doses?
What is the term used for adverse effects that occur when a drug is suddenly stopped?
What is the term used for adverse effects that occur when a drug is suddenly stopped?
In drug interactions, what category may involve alterations in absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug?
In drug interactions, what category may involve alterations in absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug?
Which drug interaction may lead to either increased or decreased effects of the involved drugs?
Which drug interaction may lead to either increased or decreased effects of the involved drugs?
What term is used for interactions where two drugs with similar properties are taken together, resulting in additive effects?
What term is used for interactions where two drugs with similar properties are taken together, resulting in additive effects?
Which type of adverse drug effect is uncommon, unpredictable, and often associated with high morbidity and mortality?
Which type of adverse drug effect is uncommon, unpredictable, and often associated with high morbidity and mortality?
When do Type D adverse effects typically occur?
When do Type D adverse effects typically occur?
What happens in therapeutic duplication?
What happens in therapeutic duplication?
Which type of adverse effect occurs when a drug is suddenly stopped?
Which type of adverse effect occurs when a drug is suddenly stopped?
In drug interactions, what category alters the effects of drugs at their target sites?
In drug interactions, what category alters the effects of drugs at their target sites?
What does the term 'Pharmacovigilance' refer to?
What does the term 'Pharmacovigilance' refer to?
What is the main focus of the World Health Organisation's Pharmacovigilance Strategy?
What is the main focus of the World Health Organisation's Pharmacovigilance Strategy?
What is the significance of the minimum requirements for any national Pharmacovigilance system?
What is the significance of the minimum requirements for any national Pharmacovigilance system?
In the context of Pharmacovigilance, what does a national PV system provide assurance for and security of?
In the context of Pharmacovigilance, what does a national PV system provide assurance for and security of?
Why is Pharmacovigilance considered an important medical discipline?
Why is Pharmacovigilance considered an important medical discipline?
What is the primary goal of the consultation process initiated by the World Health Organisation regarding Pharmacovigilance?
What is the primary goal of the consultation process initiated by the World Health Organisation regarding Pharmacovigilance?
What is a key focus of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is a key focus of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is one of the functions of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is one of the functions of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the purpose of self-medication as defined in the text?
What is the purpose of self-medication as defined in the text?
Which of the following is a minimum requirement for a national pharmacovigilance system?
Which of the following is a minimum requirement for a national pharmacovigilance system?
Which type of pharmacovigilance involves identifying unknown or poorly characterized adverse events in relation to medicines?
Which type of pharmacovigilance involves identifying unknown or poorly characterized adverse events in relation to medicines?
What should a national pharmacovigilance system do to support public health programs and policies?
What should a national pharmacovigilance system do to support public health programs and policies?
What is a requirement for effective communication in pharmacovigilance?
What is a requirement for effective communication in pharmacovigilance?
What does a national pharmacovigilance system need to identify risks associated with in medicines?
What does a national pharmacovigilance system need to identify risks associated with in medicines?
What is the purpose of the national spontaneous reporting system?
What is the purpose of the national spontaneous reporting system?
What is the main role of a national pharmacovigilance system in relation to pharmacovigilance advisory committees?
What is the main role of a national pharmacovigilance system in relation to pharmacovigilance advisory committees?
What are some potential risks associated with self-medication practices?
What are some potential risks associated with self-medication practices?
What is medication non-adherence in patients associated with?
What is medication non-adherence in patients associated with?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of incorrect self-diagnosis during self-medication?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of incorrect self-diagnosis during self-medication?
What is the responsibility of healthcare members in relation to patient education?
What is the responsibility of healthcare members in relation to patient education?
What does counseling patients about the benefits and risks of a drug help with?
What does counseling patients about the benefits and risks of a drug help with?
What is a consequence of patients not adhering to medication?
What is a consequence of patients not adhering to medication?
What is the main purpose of patient education in relation to chronic diseases?
What is the main purpose of patient education in relation to chronic diseases?
What does a national drug formulary provide information on?
What does a national drug formulary provide information on?
What can delays in seeking medical advice lead to?
What can delays in seeking medical advice lead to?
What is a potential danger associated with administering drugs incorrectly as part of self-medication?
What is a potential danger associated with administering drugs incorrectly as part of self-medication?
What can be a possible consequence of under-prescribing medications?
What can be a possible consequence of under-prescribing medications?
Which classification of adverse effects is pharmacologically predicted and dose-related, improving if the medicine is withdrawn?
Which classification of adverse effects is pharmacologically predicted and dose-related, improving if the medicine is withdrawn?
What is the adverse response without treatment that occurs at normal doses of a drug for prophylaxis or diagnosis?
What is the adverse response without treatment that occurs at normal doses of a drug for prophylaxis or diagnosis?
What is a possible implication of multiple drug prescriptions (Polypharmacy)?
What is a possible implication of multiple drug prescriptions (Polypharmacy)?
Which type of adverse effects occur due to the interaction with microorganisms and are pharmacologically predictable?
Which type of adverse effects occur due to the interaction with microorganisms and are pharmacologically predictable?
What can sudden stoppage of medication given in an overdose lead to?
What can sudden stoppage of medication given in an overdose lead to?
Which effect of under-prescription can worsen the patient's condition or cause a relapse?
Which effect of under-prescription can worsen the patient's condition or cause a relapse?
What can be a consequence of an intentional under medicating in a nursing home violating its duty to patients?
What can be a consequence of an intentional under medicating in a nursing home violating its duty to patients?
What can over prescription of drugs cause?
What can over prescription of drugs cause?
Which type of adverse effect is genetically predisposed and results in hemolytic anemia in specific individuals?
Which type of adverse effect is genetically predisposed and results in hemolytic anemia in specific individuals?
What is one of the main objectives of the national drug formulary as established?
What is one of the main objectives of the national drug formulary as established?
Which category of essential drug list medicines includes Sumitriptan?
Which category of essential drug list medicines includes Sumitriptan?
What is a key role that the formulary plays in health care decision making?
What is a key role that the formulary plays in health care decision making?
Why are Anti-Parkinsonism Medicines like Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride mentioned in the text?
Why are Anti-Parkinsonism Medicines like Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride mentioned in the text?
What is the main purpose of presenting a single, convenient volume of the national drug formulary?
What is the main purpose of presenting a single, convenient volume of the national drug formulary?
Which role does the Essential Drug Programme focus on in terms of effective drug management?
Which role does the Essential Drug Programme focus on in terms of effective drug management?
What is a notable characteristic of the USP/NF monographs in terms of compounded preparations?
What is a notable characteristic of the USP/NF monographs in terms of compounded preparations?
Why are medicines like Fluconazole and Clotrimazole listed under the Anti-Fungal category in the text?
Why are medicines like Fluconazole and Clotrimazole listed under the Anti-Fungal category in the text?
Which goal does the national formulary aim at achieving by promoting rational drug use?
Which goal does the national formulary aim at achieving by promoting rational drug use?
What is the primary function of the Essential Drug List Medicines mentioned?
What is the primary function of the Essential Drug List Medicines mentioned?
What type of adverse drug reaction occurs unpredictably and often has a high rate of morbidity and mortality?
What type of adverse drug reaction occurs unpredictably and often has a high rate of morbidity and mortality?
Which type of adverse effects occur during prolonged therapy and not with single doses?
Which type of adverse effects occur during prolonged therapy and not with single doses?
What is the rare event that clinicians can sometimes utilize predictable drug interactions for?
What is the rare event that clinicians can sometimes utilize predictable drug interactions for?
Which type of reaction occurs when a drug is stopped or suddenly discontinued?
Which type of reaction occurs when a drug is stopped or suddenly discontinued?
What is the main characteristic of pharmacokinetic drug interactions?
What is the main characteristic of pharmacokinetic drug interactions?
In therapeutic duplication, what effect can taking two drugs with similar properties simultaneously lead to?
In therapeutic duplication, what effect can taking two drugs with similar properties simultaneously lead to?
What category of drug interactions refers to changes in drug effects resulting from ingestion of food or dietary supplements?
What category of drug interactions refers to changes in drug effects resulting from ingestion of food or dietary supplements?
Which type of adverse drug reactions occur unpredictably and often have high mortality rates?
Which type of adverse drug reactions occur unpredictably and often have high mortality rates?
What is the primary impact of clinically significant drug interactions?
What is the primary impact of clinically significant drug interactions?
Which type of drug reactions occur due to the interaction with microorganisms and are often pharmacologically predictable?
Which type of drug reactions occur due to the interaction with microorganisms and are often pharmacologically predictable?
What is the primary function of anti-allergic medicines according to the text?
What is the primary function of anti-allergic medicines according to the text?
Which category of medicine is used for the treatment of urology purposes like diuresis?
Which category of medicine is used for the treatment of urology purposes like diuresis?
What category of medicines are Timolol, Acetazolamide, and Tropicamide examples of?
What category of medicines are Timolol, Acetazolamide, and Tropicamide examples of?
What role do Anti-Thrombotic medicines like Acetylsalicylic acid and Atorvastatin play?
What role do Anti-Thrombotic medicines like Acetylsalicylic acid and Atorvastatin play?
Which medicines are likely used in the treatment of psychotic disorders according to the text?
Which medicines are likely used in the treatment of psychotic disorders according to the text?
What is the purpose of Hormones like Insulin and Gliclazide?
What is the purpose of Hormones like Insulin and Gliclazide?
What category do Dorzolamide, Streptokinase, and Sodium hylarunodise fall under?
What category do Dorzolamide, Streptokinase, and Sodium hylarunodise fall under?
What effects do Muscle Relaxants like Atracurium besylate have?
What effects do Muscle Relaxants like Atracurium besylate have?
What is the primary function of Medicines considered part of the Anti-Infective category?
What is the primary function of Medicines considered part of the Anti-Infective category?
What role do Insulin and other anti-diabetic medicines play?
What role do Insulin and other anti-diabetic medicines play?
What is the primary focus of pharmacovigilance?
What is the primary focus of pharmacovigilance?
Which organization has worked on developing a Pharmacovigilance Strategy for countries?
Which organization has worked on developing a Pharmacovigilance Strategy for countries?
What is the minimum goal of a national pharmacovigilance system according to the text?
What is the minimum goal of a national pharmacovigilance system according to the text?
Which countries are generally reported to have a variable practice of pharmacovigilance?
Which countries are generally reported to have a variable practice of pharmacovigilance?
What is one of the main outcomes of pharmacovigilance?
What is one of the main outcomes of pharmacovigilance?
What has the World Health Organisation provided upon request to develop the Pharmacovigilance Strategy?
What has the World Health Organisation provided upon request to develop the Pharmacovigilance Strategy?
What is a major problem associated with self-medication according to the text?
What is a major problem associated with self-medication according to the text?
What is the potential risk of incorrect self-diagnosis during self-medication?
What is the potential risk of incorrect self-diagnosis during self-medication?
What is the core objective of patient education in relation to chronic diseases?
What is the core objective of patient education in relation to chronic diseases?
What is the significance of introducing clear medication-related information to patients?
What is the significance of introducing clear medication-related information to patients?
What is a consequence of non-compliance to medication as mentioned in the text?
What is a consequence of non-compliance to medication as mentioned in the text?
What is a documented potential danger associated with self-medication according to the text?
What is a documented potential danger associated with self-medication according to the text?
Why is counseling patients about drug benefits and risks essential according to the FDA?
Why is counseling patients about drug benefits and risks essential according to the FDA?
What is the focus of patient education as mentioned in the text?
What is the focus of patient education as mentioned in the text?
What is a consequence of medication non-adherence in patients?
What is a consequence of medication non-adherence in patients?
What is portrayed as a benefit of introducing a national drug formulary?
What is portrayed as a benefit of introducing a national drug formulary?
What is one of the key functions of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is one of the key functions of a national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the main purpose of a national pharmacovigilance center according to the text?
What is the main purpose of a national pharmacovigilance center according to the text?
What is the underlying focus of self-medication as defined in the text?
What is the underlying focus of self-medication as defined in the text?
One of the functions of a national pharmacovigilance system is to provide effective communication on aspects related to medicine safety. What is NOT mentioned as part of this effective communication?
One of the functions of a national pharmacovigilance system is to provide effective communication on aspects related to medicine safety. What is NOT mentioned as part of this effective communication?
What is the expected stability requirement for funding a sustainable national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the expected stability requirement for funding a sustainable national pharmacovigilance system?
What is the primary purpose of identifying signals of medicine safety in a pharmacovigilance system?
What is the primary purpose of identifying signals of medicine safety in a pharmacovigilance system?
What role does a national ADR or pharmacovigilance advisory committee fulfill in a pharmacovigilance system?
What role does a national ADR or pharmacovigilance advisory committee fulfill in a pharmacovigilance system?
What is NOT a focus area for the functions of a national pharmacovigilance system as stated in the text?
What is NOT a focus area for the functions of a national pharmacovigilance system as stated in the text?
What is emphasized as the primary purpose of self-medication as defined in the text?
What is emphasized as the primary purpose of self-medication as defined in the text?
What is a key characteristic of a functional national pharmacovigilance system as described in the text?
What is a key characteristic of a functional national pharmacovigilance system as described in the text?
What is the primary function of Anti-Thrombotic medicines like Acetylsalicylic acid and Atorvastatin?
What is the primary function of Anti-Thrombotic medicines like Acetylsalicylic acid and Atorvastatin?
What is the primary role of Dermatological medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation like coaltar + salicillic?
What is the primary role of Dermatological medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation like coaltar + salicillic?
How do Nasal ENT medications like Saline nasal solution function?
How do Nasal ENT medications like Saline nasal solution function?
What is the main purpose of Muscle relaxants and Cholinesterase Inhibitor medicines like Atracurium besylate and Neostigmine?
What is the main purpose of Muscle relaxants and Cholinesterase Inhibitor medicines like Atracurium besylate and Neostigmine?
What is the primary function of Anti-leishmaniasis Agents like Pentamidine isethionate?
What is the primary function of Anti-leishmaniasis Agents like Pentamidine isethionate?
What is the main role of Vitamins and Minerals like Calcium carbonate and Vitamin A?
What is the main role of Vitamins and Minerals like Calcium carbonate and Vitamin A?
What is the primary purpose of Gastrointestinal medicines used for treating Diarrhea like Oral rehydration salts (ORS) and Zinc sulphate?
What is the primary purpose of Gastrointestinal medicines used for treating Diarrhea like Oral rehydration salts (ORS) and Zinc sulphate?
How do Anti-fibrinolytic and pressure agents function in the context of medications?
How do Anti-fibrinolytic and pressure agents function in the context of medications?
What is the main purpose of Opthalmological Preparations like Anti-infective Agent: Ofloxacin and Neomycin?
What is the main purpose of Opthalmological Preparations like Anti-infective Agent: Ofloxacin and Neomycin?
How do Anti-arrhythmic medicines like Adenosine (phosphate) and Digoxin work?
How do Anti-arrhythmic medicines like Adenosine (phosphate) and Digoxin work?
What is a possible harmful consequence of under-prescription in nursing homes?
What is a possible harmful consequence of under-prescription in nursing homes?
Which classification system divides adverse effects into Type A (pharmacological) and Type B (idiosyncratic)?
Which classification system divides adverse effects into Type A (pharmacological) and Type B (idiosyncratic)?
What type of adverse effect is genetically predisposed in individuals and can cause hemolytic anemia?
What type of adverse effect is genetically predisposed in individuals and can cause hemolytic anemia?
What is a potential implication of multiple drug prescriptions (Polypharmacy)?
What is a potential implication of multiple drug prescriptions (Polypharmacy)?
Which type of adverse effect is unpredictable and often has high mortality rates?
Which type of adverse effect is unpredictable and often has high mortality rates?
What is the possible consequence of over-prescription or overdose of medication?
What is the possible consequence of over-prescription or overdose of medication?
What is the purpose of the classification system that includes Type A (Augmented) and Type B (Bugs) adverse effects?
What is the purpose of the classification system that includes Type A (Augmented) and Type B (Bugs) adverse effects?
What is a potential consequence of under prescribing medication?
What is a potential consequence of under prescribing medication?
Which classification system for adverse drug reactions is considered the best according to the text?
Which classification system for adverse drug reactions is considered the best according to the text?
What is the concept related to concurrent use of multiple medications that can lead to dangerous interactions between drugs?
What is the concept related to concurrent use of multiple medications that can lead to dangerous interactions between drugs?
What is the classification of an adverse drug effect that occurs unpredictably and is often associated with high morbidity and mortality?
What is the classification of an adverse drug effect that occurs unpredictably and is often associated with high morbidity and mortality?
Which type of drug-drug interaction involves changes in absorption, distribution, protein binding, metabolism, or excretion of a drug?
Which type of drug-drug interaction involves changes in absorption, distribution, protein binding, metabolism, or excretion of a drug?
What example of a Type D Delayed Effect is mentioned in the text as occurring years after exposure?
What example of a Type D Delayed Effect is mentioned in the text as occurring years after exposure?
Which outcome may occur due to a harmful drug-drug interaction?
Which outcome may occur due to a harmful drug-drug interaction?
What is a potential benefit of using predictable drug-drug interactions in a clinical setting?
What is a potential benefit of using predictable drug-drug interactions in a clinical setting?
Which classification of drug interactions may involve changes in dietary supplement-drug effects?
Which classification of drug interactions may involve changes in dietary supplement-drug effects?
What example of a Type E End of Reaction Effect is mentioned as occurring after glucocorticoid cessation?
What example of a Type E End of Reaction Effect is mentioned as occurring after glucocorticoid cessation?
In drug interactions, which category may involve alterations in excretion of another drug?
In drug interactions, which category may involve alterations in excretion of another drug?
What is one possible result of therapeutic duplication in drug interactions?
What is one possible result of therapeutic duplication in drug interactions?
Which type of drug reactions occur during prolonged exposure and not with a single dose?
Which type of drug reactions occur during prolonged exposure and not with a single dose?
What is one of the roles of the National Formulary in rationale prescribing as stated in the text?
What is one of the roles of the National Formulary in rationale prescribing as stated in the text?
Which category of medicines are Allopurinol, Azathioprine, and Chloroquine classified under?
Which category of medicines are Allopurinol, Azathioprine, and Chloroquine classified under?
What is the main goal of presenting a single, convenient volume of drug information, as per the WHO model formulary objectives?
What is the main goal of presenting a single, convenient volume of drug information, as per the WHO model formulary objectives?
What is one of the essential functions of nurses in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme according to the text?
What is one of the essential functions of nurses in the implementation of the Essential Drug Programme according to the text?
Which category do Warfarin, Heparin sodium, and Iron Sucrose fall under in terms of medicines affecting the blood?
Which category do Warfarin, Heparin sodium, and Iron Sucrose fall under in terms of medicines affecting the blood?
What is the category that includes Adrenaline, Methyl prednisolone, Cetirizine, and hydrocortisone as per the text?
What is the category that includes Adrenaline, Methyl prednisolone, Cetirizine, and hydrocortisone as per the text?
Which category of medicine includes drugs like Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride as mentioned in the text?
Which category of medicine includes drugs like Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride as mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of the Anti-Migraine medicines category that includes Sumitriptan in the text?
What is the purpose of the Anti-Migraine medicines category that includes Sumitriptan in the text?
Which category of medicines do Morphine sulphate and Tramadol hydrochloride belong to?
Which category of medicines do Morphine sulphate and Tramadol hydrochloride belong to?
What is the objective of having medicines like Propopanolol and Metoprolol as part of the Blood products and Plasma Substitutes?
What is the objective of having medicines like Propopanolol and Metoprolol as part of the Blood products and Plasma Substitutes?
What is one of the main objectives of the Essential Drug List Medicines presented in the text?
What is one of the main objectives of the Essential Drug List Medicines presented in the text?
Flashcards
Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance
The science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug effects or any other possible drug-related problems.
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
Unintended and harmful responses to medicines at normal doses.
Drug Safety Surveillance
Drug Safety Surveillance
A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data on ADRs to detect and investigate possible safety concerns.
Drug Abuse and Adverse Effects Monitoring
Drug Abuse and Adverse Effects Monitoring
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Safety Monitoring of New Products
Safety Monitoring of New Products
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National Drug Formulary
National Drug Formulary
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Self-Medication
Self-Medication
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Drug Interactions
Drug Interactions
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Type A ADR: Augmented Pharmacological Effect
Type A ADR: Augmented Pharmacological Effect
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Type B ADR: Bizarre
Type B ADR: Bizarre
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Type C ADR: Chronic Effect
Type C ADR: Chronic Effect
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Type D ADR: Delayed Effect
Type D ADR: Delayed Effect
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Type E ADR: End of Treatment Effect
Type E ADR: End of Treatment Effect
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Type F ADR: Familiar
Type F ADR: Familiar
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Type G ADR: Genetic Toxicity
Type G ADR: Genetic Toxicity
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Type H ADR: Hypersensitivity
Type H ADR: Hypersensitivity
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Type I ADR: Unclassified
Type I ADR: Unclassified
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National Pharmacovigilance Centre
National Pharmacovigilance Centre
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National Spontaneous Reporting System
National Spontaneous Reporting System
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National Database for ADR Reports
National Database for ADR Reports
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National ADR Advisory Committee
National ADR Advisory Committee
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Self-Medication
Self-Medication
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Polypharmacy
Polypharmacy
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Pharmacist
Pharmacist
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Patient Education and Counseling
Patient Education and Counseling
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
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Drug Therapy
Drug Therapy
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Study Notes
Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined as the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or other possible drug-related problems.
- PV is essential to prevent drug-related adverse effects in humans, ensure patient safety, and promote the rational use of drugs.
Importance of Pharmacovigilance
- PV is well established in most industrialized countries, but its practice in low and middle-income countries is variable.
- The World Health Organisation has developed a Pharmacovigilance Strategy to advance PV systems globally.
Minimum Requirements for Pharmacovigilance
- A national pharmacovigilance centre with designated staff, stable funding, clear mandates, and collaboration with the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring.
- A national spontaneous reporting system with a national individual case safety report (ICSR) form.
- A national database or system for collating and managing ADR reports.
- A national ADR or pharmacovigilance advisory committee for technical assistance on causality assessment, risk assessment, and risk management.
- A clear communication strategy for routine communication and crisis communication.
Types of Pharmacovigilance
- Drug Safety Surveillance
- Drug Abuse and Adverse Effects Monitoring
- Safety Monitoring of New Products
Purposes of Pharmacovigilance
- To improve patient care and safety in relation to the use of medicines and all medical and paramedical interventions.
- To improve public health and safety in relation to the use of medicines.
Self-Medication
- Self-medication is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized or self-diagnosed conditions or symptoms.
- Under-medication can lead to serious health problems, including chronic pain, high blood pressure, dementia, and cognitive decline.
Implications of Drug Over-Prescription
- Over-prescription can cause withdrawal symptoms, coma, or death.
- Sudden stoppage of medication can lead to withdrawal symptoms such as nervous system hyperactivity and seizures.
Implications of Drug Under-Prescription
- Under-prescription can cause a relapse or worsen the patient's condition.
Implications of Multiple Prescription
- Taking multiple medications can result in drug interactions, leading to internal bleeding, confusion, light-headedness, and other adverse effects.
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)
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ADRs are unintended and harmful responses that occur at normal doses of the drug used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment.
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Classification of ADRs includes:
- Type A: Augmented pharmacological effect
- Type B: Bizarre or idiosyncratic reactions
- Type C: Chemical reactions
- Type D: Delivery related reactions
- Type E: End-of-treatment reactions
- Type F: Familial or genetic reactions
- Type G: Genetic toxicity
- Type H: Hypersensitivity reactions
- Type I: Unclassified reactions### Pharmacovigilance
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Defined as the "science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems"
-
Aims to prevent drug-related adverse effects in humans, ensure patient safety, and promote the rational use of drugs
Types of Adverse Reactions
- Type A: Augmented pharmacological effects (e.g. hypoglycemia due to insulin injection)
- Type B: Bizarre adverse effects (e.g. anaphylaxis due to penicillins, acute hepatic necrosis due to halothane)
- Type C: Chronic effects (e.g. craniofacial malformation due to phenytoin)
- Type D: Delayed effects (e.g. alkylating agent use in the treatment of Hodgkin's second cancer)
- Type E: End of treatment effects (e.g. angina with beta-adrenergic receptor, adrenocortical insufficiency after glucocorticoid withdrawal)
Drug Interactions
- Occur when a patient's response to a drug is modified by food, nutritional supplements, formulation excipients, environmental factors, other drugs, or disease
- Can be beneficial or harmful
- May increase or decrease the effects of one or both drugs
- Examples: coadministration of lopinavir and ritonavir to patients with HIV infection, therapeutic duplication (e.g. taking a benzodiazepine for anxiety and another benzodiazepine at bedtime for insomnia)
Functions of a National Pharmacovigilance System
- Promote pharmacovigilance in the country
- Collect and manage adverse drug reaction reports, medication errors, and suspected counterfeit/substandard drugs
- Identify signals of medicine safety and undertake assessment of risk and options for risk management
- Provide effective communication on aspects related to medicine safety
Minimum Requirements for a Functional National Pharmacovigilance System
- A national pharmacovigilance centre with designated staff, stable basic funding, clear mandates, well-defined structures and roles
- A national spontaneous reporting system with a national individual case safety report (ICSR) form
- A national database or system for collating and managing ADR reports
- A national ADR or pharmacovigilance advisory committee able to provide technical assistance
National Drug Formulary
- Contains a list of medicines approved for prescription throughout the country
- Includes key information on the composition, description, selection, prescribing, dispensing, and administration of drugs/medicines
- Examples: United States Pharmacopia and National Formulary (USP-NF), British National Formulary, Nigeria EMDS
Self-Medication
- Defined as the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized or self-diagnosed conditions or symptoms
- A global phenomenon and potential contributor to antimicrobial resistance
- Risks include incorrect self-diagnosis, delayed seeking of medical advice, severe adverse reactions, and incorrect administration or dosage
Importance of Patient Education and Counseling on the Use of Drugs
- Patient education aims to train patients in the self-management of their chronic disease
- Includes providing clear medication-related information to improve adherence
- Counseling enhances patient understanding of their role in safe drug use### Medicines and their Classification
- Adenosine and Digoxin are anti-arrhythmic medicines
- Methyldopa and Esmolol are anti-hypertensive medicines
- Dobutamine and Noradrenaline are used in heart failure
- Acetylsalicylic acid and Atorvastatin are anti-thrombotic medicines
- Calamine, White petroleum, and Crotamiton are used for dermatological purposes
- Disinfectants and Antiseptics include Providone iodine, Sodium hypochlorite, and Lysol (cresol with soap solution)
- Mannitol and Frusemide are diuretics used in urology
- Pantoprazole, Lactulose, and Oral rehydration salts (ORS) are used in gastrointestinal medicine
- Insulin, Glucose, and Glimipride are used to treat diabetes
- Clomiphene, Norethisterone, and Ethinyl estradiol are used to induce ovulation
- Thyroxine sodium, Levothyroxine sodium, and Carbimazole are used to treat thyroid disorders
- Sera and immunoglobulins, Anti-D, and Anti-Rabies immunoglobulins are used in immunological treatments
- Atracurium besylate, Neostigmine, and Dexmedelomedine are used as muscle relaxants
- Ofloxacin, Neomycin, and Timolol are used in opthalmological preparations
- Nasal ENT medicines include Saline nasal solution, Glycerin, and Momentazoline
- Oxytocin and Methyl Ergometrine are used as oxytocics
- Isoxuprime and Ritodrine are used as anti-oxytocics
- Prolinate, Haloperidol, Imipramine, and Escitalopram are used in psychotherapeutic medicine
- Iopromide, Diathriazoate, and Barium Sulphate are used as radio contrast agents
- Pentamidine isethionate and Sodium stibogluconate are used to treat leishmaniasis
- Mefloquine, Primaquine, and Chloroquine are used to treat malaria
- Vitamins and minerals include Calcium carbonate, Vitamin A, and B-Complex
Implications of Drug Over Prescription and Under Prescription
- Over-prescription (poly-pharmacy) can lead to antibiotic resistance, disease severity, and adverse effects
- Under-prescription can lead to chronic pain, high blood pressure, and cognitive decline
- Over-prescription can cause withdrawal symptoms, coma, or death
- Under-prescription can cause relapse or worsening of patient condition
- Multiple drug prescription can result in drug interactions, leading to internal bleeding, confusion, and lightheadedness
Adverse Drug Reactions (Pharmaco-Therapeutic Complications)
- Adverse drug reactions are unintended and harmful responses to medicines at normal doses
- Classification of adverse drug reactions:
- Type A: Augmented pharmacological effect
- Type B: Bizarre
- Type C: Chronic effect
- Type D: Delay effect
- Type E: End of RXN effect
- Type F: Familiar
- Type G: Genetic toxicity
- Type H: Hypersensitivity
- Type I: Unclassified
Drug Interactions
- Drug interactions occur when a patient's response to a drug is modified by food, nutritional supplements, formulation excipients, environmental factors, other drugs, or disease
- Types of drug interactions:
- Drug-drug interactions
- Drug-nutrient interactions
- Dietary supplement-drug interactions
- Harmful drug interactions can cause 10-20% of adverse drug reactions requiring hospitalization
- Clinically significant interactions are often predictable and usually undesired
Pharmacovigilance
- Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems
- Functions of a national pharmacovigilance system:
- Promote PV in the country
- Identify signals of medicine safety
- Undertake assessment of risk and options for risk management
- Identify quality problems in medicines
- Provide effective communication on medicine safety
- Apply resulting information for public health programs
- Develop and maintain drug utilization information
- Minimum requirements for a functional national pharmacovigilance system:
- National pharmacovigilance centre
- National spontaneous reporting system
- National database or system for collating and managing ADR reports
- National ADR or pharmacovigilance advisory committee
- Clear communication strategy
- Three main types of pharmacovigilance:
- Drug safety surveillance
- Drug abuse and adverse effects monitoring
- Safety monitoring of new products
Self-Medication
- Self-medication is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized or self-diagnosed conditions or symptoms
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Description
Learn about the science and activities of Pharmacovigilance, which involves detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse effects or other drug-related problems. Understand its importance in ensuring patient safety and promoting rational drug use.
